178 research outputs found
Organizational culture and ethics in decision-making
- Publication venue
- 'Science Publishing Corporation'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2018
- Field of study
Malaysia was recorded outnumber of accidents in the world. The traffic Police is the responsible body for ensuring to maintain the law on the road which assists the public for smooth travelling The media reports stated that the traffic police uses their power in wrong ways and is showing not profession with their duties. This happens due to lack of organizational culture among civil servants which are not practiced in the right ways according to the justice and their professions. Therefore, this article focuses on the organizational culture that should be practiced and the decisions that need to be practiced. Further, the ethical factors based decisions should be performed by traffic police. The topic selected will expect to improve the organizational culture and an ethical decision making among law's practitioner and traffic police. In addition, the positive view can also give to the public on the ethical decision making that could be practiced by traffic police. In conclusion, the improvement of organizational culture should be refined to produce law practitioners and implementers in ethical especially for civil servants in decision-making
Microwave Dielectric and Reflection Characterization on Silver Grunter (Pomadasys hasta) and Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) Fish Scale for Potential Use as Scaffold
- Author
- Publication venue
- Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC)
- Publication date
- 31/05/2018
- Field of study
Hydroxyapatite from fish scale was studied and reported of its potential in bone scaffold or regenerative material. Fish scale as a source of collagen and valuable matrix proteins in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries is overwhelmingly studied among researchers. In this work, dielectric and reflection measurement was conducted on fish scale from Silver Grunter (Pomadasys hasta) and Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) fish ranging from 200 MHz to 20 GHz using Agilent E8362B PNA Network Analyzer in conjunction with an Agilent 85070E High Temperature Probe. The fish scale was prepared as sample under test prior to measurements. Dielectric constant, and loss factor increase with frequency. Meanwhile, the measured magnitude and phase of reflection coefficient that acquired through reflection measurement decrease when frequency increases. On the other hand, both fish scales were characterized as crystalline structure via X-ray diffraction analysis. It is important in analyzing dielectric mechanism occurs in fish scale
Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Author
- Aahlin Eirik Kjus
- Aamer Ahmed
- Aaniana Kenneth
- Ababneh Ali
- Abaliksta Tomas
- Abantanga Francis
- Abbas Athar
- Abbasy Jibran
- Abbo Olivier
- Abbott Tom
- Abbouch Meryem
- Abd El-Latif Nadia Khalid
- Abd Elkhalek Esraa
- Abd-Elmawla Manar
- Abdallah Emad
- Abdel-Aty Abdulrahman
- Abdel-Hameed Noran
- Abdel-Kader Sara Mahmoud
- Abdelaal Abdelaziz
- Abdelaty Mohamed
- Abdelazeam Anan Rady
- Abdelazim Galaleldin
- Abdelaziz Mohamed A.
- Abdelbadeai Kholoud
- Abdelfatah Afnan
- Abdelhady Samar
- Abdelhamed Rasha
- Abdelhamid Amina
- Abdelhaq Aram
- Abdelkader Mostafa
- Abdelkader Omar
- Abdelkhalek Mohamed
- Abdelmageed Eman
- Abdelmotaleb Ibrahem
- Abdelraouf Ahmed Mahmoud
- Abdelrouf Doaa Maher
- Abdelshakour Mahmoud
- Abdrabou Abdulshafi Khaled
- Abdul-Latif Saiba
- Abdulaziz Hager
- Abdulaziz Mustafa
- Abdulbagi Omar
- Abdulhakeem Eman Mahmoud
- Abdullah Mohamed Abozed
- Abdullah Nik Azim Nik
- Abdullah Noha
- Abdullahi Lawal
- Abdurrazzaaq Abdussemiu
- Abem Owusu Emmanuel
- Abiola Olajide
- Aboelella Majed
- Aboelmagd Omnia
- Aboelsoud Moustafa R.
- Aboul-Naga Mariam Saad
- Abouzaid Arwa
- Abu Qumbos Amjad
- Abu-toyour Maram
- Abubakr Marwan
- Abuowda Yousef
- Abuqwaider Eman
- Abusalem Lana
- Abushamleh Soha
- Ackom Eric
- Acquah Emmanuel
- Adam Ali
- Adam Nourhan
- Adamu Ahmed
- Adawi Ihdaa
- Adawi Mohammad
- Adebanjo Ademola
- Adebola Oluwaseyi
- Adedeji Adesina
- Adel Badr Eldin
- Adel Israa
- Adella Fidelis Jacklyn
- Adelshone Abdelrahman
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O.
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O.
- Adenekan Babajide
- Adeniran James
- Adeniyi Adewale
- Adesanya Opeoluwa
- Adesina Alaba
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adhitama Novia
- Adil Muhammad
- Adisa Adewale O.
- Adiyaman Can
- Adu-Aryee Niiarmah
- Afana Samah
- Agalianos Christos
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agbedinu Kwabena
- Aglan Amro
- Aguado Suarez Nuria
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera-Arevalo Maria-Lorena
- Ahlonsou Germain
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahmed Asdaq
- Ahmed Ataa
- Ahmed Hayam
- Ahmed Hussien
- Ahmed Lopna Ahmed Mohamed
- Ahmed Sara
- Ahmed Saraibrahim
- Ahounou Ernest Yemalin Stephane
- Ajah Jonathan
- Ajai Olalekan
- Ajao Akinlabi
- Ajiboye Anthony
- Akoto Elliot
- Akpenyi Onyinye
- Al Amin Shadid
- Al Attar Samaa Mahmoud
- Al Barraw Fayez Elian
- Al Bastawis Fatema
- Al Meligy Amgad
- Al Rafati Ahmad Abdel Razaq
- Al Raouf Eman Abd
- Al Saied Ghiath
- Al Subaie Norah
- Al-Bahrani Ahmed
- Al-Buhaisi Alaa
- Al-Dakka Emad
- Al-faqawi Maha
- Al-farram Hadeel
- Al-khatib Ahmed
- Al-Marakby Dina
- Al-saqqa Sara
- Al-Saqqa Sara W.
- Al-Slaibi Ibrahim
- Al-taher Taher
- AlaaelDein Shahinaz
- Alada Muslimat
- Alakaloko Felix
- Alaloul Enas
- Alamin Shadid
- Alamoudi Mohammed
- Albiety Adel
- Alcca Ticona Willy
- Alejos Bermudez Ysabel Esthefany
- Alexander Philip
- Alexander Philip
- Alexandre Challine
- Alghamdi Ahmed
- Alghamdi Mohammed Saleh A.
- Alhady Khaled
- Alhammali Tariq
- Alhassan Basmah
- Alhazmi Wedyan
- Alherz Mohammad
- Ali Ahmed
- Ali Citra Dewi Mohd
- Ali Elsayed
- Ali Safia
- Ali Syed Abdul Wahhab Eusoffee Wan
- Ali Tebian Hassanein Ahmed
- Ali Wadah
- Alihonou Thierry
- Alis Halil
- Aliyu Halima
- Aliyu Mohammad
- Aliyu Shamsudeen
- Aljboor Khaled
- Aljiffry Murad
- Alkaaki Aroub
- Alkelani Muhammad
- Allam Meran
- Allam Yomna
- Alnaby Mohamed Hassab
- Alnusairat Aseel
- Alqahtani Saleh
- Alsaggaf Mohammed Ubaid
- Alser Osaid H.
- Alshareef Reham
- Altaf Abdulmalik
- Altamimi Abdullah
- Altamimi Afnan
- Altamini Afnan
- Altarayra Marwa
- Altibi Ahmed
- Altinel Yuksel
- Altinel Yuksel
- Altwijri Abdulaziz
- Alvi Abdul Rehman
- Aly Mohammed Yahia Mohamed
- Alyacoubi Said
- Alyahya Reem
- Alzahrani Ahmed
- Aman Nowrin F.
- Amandito Radhian
- Amandito Radhian
- Ambrona-Zafra David
- Amin Hager Abdul Aziz
- Amjad Mohammadasim
- Amoah Michael
- Amoako Joachim
- Amoako Philip Taah
- Amoako-Boateng Mabel
- Amole Isaac
- Amreia Mahmoud
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- Angelieri Daniele
- Anis Echaieb
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- Dorani Radin Mohd Nurrahman Radin
- Dorisme Asnel
- Dossou Francis
- Dousset Bertrand
- Dragatas Deividas
- Drake Thomas M.
- Drake Thomas M.
- Drungilas Mantas
- du Plooy Flip
- Du Toit Frederick
- Duane Therese
- Duinhouwer Lucia
- Dulskas Audrius
- Ebidy Mai
- Ebidy Mai Mohamed
- Eid Mostafa Mahmoud
- El Dahab Ali Abo
- El Gendy Noran Halim
- El Halawany Mohamed
- El Jamassi Alaa
- El Kashash Ahmed
- El Sayed Islam Magdy
- El-Dien Khalid Salah
- El-Din Reham Alaa
- El-Din Shahinaz Alaa
- El-Gizawy Esraa
- El-Sagheer Nada
- El-Sawy Aya
- El-Sehily Ahmed
- El-Taher Esraa
- Elashry Rehab
- Elazab Alaa
- Elbanby Esraa Samir
- Elbe Peter
- Elbisomy Khaled Hesham
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- Eldeeb Ahmed Zaki
- Eldeen Esraa Alm
- Eldin Mostafa Ahmed Bahaa
- Elebute Olumide
- Elfarargy Arwa
- Elfeki Hossam
- Elfiky Mahmoud
- Elfouly Nesma
- Elfouly Yasmin
- Elgendy Alyaa Halim
- Elgheriany Mohammed
- Elhadad Alaa
- Elhadary Nourhan Medhat
- Elhadry Shady
- Elhalawany Esraa
- Elhamouly Sara
- Elhelbawy Mohamed Salah
- Elhendawy Abdelaziz
- Elhoseny Ghada
- Elhusseiny Ahmed Abd Elmoen
- Elkholy Shimaa Said
- Ellison Quinn
- Elmashala Amjad
- Elmasry Maha
- Elmihy Sohaila
- Elnagar Ahmedglal
- Elnajjar Mahmoud A.
- Elrazek Aly Abd
- Elsabbagh Nourhan
- Elsameea Ahmed Abd
- Elsawy Amira
- Elsayed Nada Ahmed Reda
- Elsemelawy Rofida
- Elshaar Mohammed
- Elshaer Mohamed
- Elshami Mohamedraed
- Elsharkawy Aya Adel
- Elsherbiney Saged
- Elsherif Fawzia Abdellatif
- Elwy Eman
- Elzahed Nada
- Emadeldin Hossam
- Emara Eman
- Emile Sameh
- Eng Calvin
- English William
- Esam Abeer
- Escalante Salas Marilia Del Carmen
- Espin-Basany Eloy
- Espinoza Fernando
- Essam A. A.
- Essam Ahmed
- Essam Mahitab
- Essoun Samuel
- Esteban Enrique
- Estee Mahnuma Mahfuz
- Etchill Eric
- Etienne Sara
- Etwire Victor
- Evajelista Cicilia Viany
- Evans David
- Evans Elizabeth
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- Ezzat Tarek
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- Fahim Marwan
- Fairfield Cameron
- Falaschi Federica
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- Falzon Malcolm
- Farag Ahmed
- Farag Sameh
- Farahat Mahitab Morsy
- Fares Mohamed
- Farhan-Alanie Muhamed M. H.
- Farhangmehr Neda
- Farouk Sara Amr Mohamed
- Farrugia Alexia
- Farrugia Alexia
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- Fathy Aya Mohamed
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- Feidantsis Thomas
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- Fergusson Stuart J.
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- Fitzgerald J. Edward
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- Harrison Ewen M.
- Harrison Ewen M.
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- Hassaan Ayat
- Hassan Ahmed Tarek Abdelbaset
- Hassan Ihab
- Hassan Osama Mokhtar Mohamed
- Hassanain Mazen
- Hassanein Adel B.
- Heard Rachel
- Hegazy Eman Magdy
- Helene Francois-Coridon
- Helguero-Santin Luis M.
- Hemmila Mark
- Heng Hian Ee
- Henric Nicolas
- Henry Fitjerald
- Henshall David Ewart
- Herebat Azher
- Herikstad Ragnar
- Herrera Cruz Danilo
- Herrera Matta Juan Jaime
- Herrod Philip
- Hervieux Erik
- Hesham Omar
- Hilal Karim
- Hjertberg Maria
- Hmila Sophian
- Ho Adrienne
- Hodonou Fred
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- Homeida Anmar
- Hossameldin Amr
- Hrora Abdelmalek
- Hunter Kristina
- Husseiny Reem
- Iacono Calogero
- Iannone Immacolata
- Ibraheem Aya AbdelFatah
- Ibrahem Ahmad Aboelkassem
- Ibrahim Ahmed Mohamed
- Ibrahim Amal
- Ibrahim Arij
- Ibrahim Arwa
- Ibrahim Eman
- Ibrahim Eman Mohamed
- Ibrahim Khaled
- Ibrahim Mohamed
- Idress Tasneem
- Idris Faisal
- Iftekhar Farhana
- Iftikhar Zainab
- Ignatavicius Povilas
- Ihediwa George
- Imoro Osman
- Ingabire J. C. Allen
- Ingabire J. C. Allen
- Ioannidis Orestis
- Iqbal Muhammad Rafaih
- Ireland Philip
- Irtan Sabine
- Irwin Gareth
- Irwin Gareth
- Ishak Norzawani
- Iskandar Ferdy
- Isler Vedatcan
- Ismail Ahmed
- Ismail Lawani
- Ismail Lawani
- Ismail Lawani
- Ismail Lawani
- Ismail Mohamed
- Ismail Mohammed Kamal
- Ismail Samar Adel
- Israelsson Leif
- Ivros Nikolaos
- Iyer Dush
- Iyer Dushyant
- Jabal Mohamed Sobhi
- Jaber Sahar
- Jaffry Zahra
- Jaich Robert
- Jama Guled M.
- Jamal Luai
- Janardha K. C.
- Janik Michal
- Jankus Tomas
- Jaradat Dana
- Jasaitis Kristijonas
- Javaid Mahnoor
- Jayathilake A. B.
- Jean-Francois Colombani
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- Zahran Diaaaldin
- Zakaria Esraay
- Zakaria Mahmoud
- Zakaria Yehia
- Zaki Ahmed
- Zammit Stefan
- Zampitis Nikolaos
- Zani Augusto
- Zani Augusto
- Zanini Nicola
- Zapata Felipe
- Zarb Ciskje
- Zeta Solis Ludwing Alexander
- Zielinski Martin
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskiene Reda
- Ziubryte Greta
- Zohair Ahmed
- Zuber Markus
- Zuk Grzegorz
- Zulkifli Athirah
- Zumbuhl Lucius
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/06/2003
- Field of study
BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London
Macrophages in inflammatory multiple sclerosis lesions have an intermediate activation status
- Author
- A Biondi
- A Bitsch
- A Gratchev
- A Mantovani
- A Windhagen
- AJ Fleetwood
- AS Baer
- B Becher
- BA Durafourt
- BA t Hart
- BO Fabriek
- CA Ambarus
- CE Teunissen
- Charlotte E Teunissen
- Christine D Dijkstra
- CJ De Groot
- CJ De Groot
- D Bouhy
- D Van Rossum
- Daphne YS Vogel
- DJ Conrad
- DM Mosser
- DM Mosser
- E Ulvestad
- ECW Breij
- Elly JF Vereyken
- EN Benveniste
- F Porcheray
- FAW Verreck
- FAW Verreck
- FL Heppner
- H Lassmann
- H Qin
- I Huitinga
- J Melief
- J Van Horssen
- J Van Horssen
- Jack van Horssen
- JD Laman
- JD Laman
- JJA Hendriks
- JP Edwards
- Judith E Glim
- K Gerritse
- K-B Abdul-Majid
- KA Kigerl
- KJ Smith
- KW Selmaj
- L Boon
- LA Boven
- LA Boven
- M Pugliatti
- M Stein
- M Zeyda
- Martina Moeton
- ME Witte
- MR Kotter
- MR Kotter
- N Saederup
- P Sarchielli
- P Van der Valk
- Paul van der Valk
- PH Larsen
- Priscilla DAM Heijnen
- R Parsa
- R Van Furth
- S Becker
- Sandra Amor
- T Tanaka
- T Togo
- T Zeis
- VH Perry
- X Liu
- Y Yin
- Z Chroneos
- Z Zhang
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2013
- Field of study
BACKGROUND: Macrophages play a dual role in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. They can exert neuroprotective and growth promoting effects but also contribute to tissue damage by production of inflammatory mediators. The effector function of macrophages is determined by the way they are activated. Stimulation of monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro with interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide results in classically activated (CA/M1) macrophages, and activation with interleukin 4 induces alternatively activated (AA/M2) macrophages. METHODS: For this study, the expression of a panel of typical M1 and M2 markers on human monocyte derived M1 and M2 macrophages was analyzed using flow cytometry. This revealed that CD40 and mannose receptor (MR) were the most distinctive markers for human M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively. Using a panel of M1 and M2 markers we next examined the activation status of macrophages/microglia in MS lesions, normal appearing white matter and healthy control samples. RESULTS: Our data show that M1 markers, including CD40, CD86, CD64 and CD32 were abundantly expressed by microglia in normal appearing white matter and by activated microglia and macrophages throughout active demyelinating MS lesions. M2 markers, such as MR and CD163 were expressed by myelin-laden macrophages in active lesions and perivascular macrophages. Double staining with anti-CD40 and anti-MR revealed that approximately 70% of the CD40-positive macrophages in MS lesions also expressed MR, indicating that the majority of infiltrating macrophages and activated microglial cells display an intermediate activation status. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that, although macrophages in active MS lesions predominantly display M1 characteristics, a major subset of macrophages have an intermediate activation status
Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis
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- Aahlin E. K.
- Aamer A.
- Aaniana K.
- Ababneh A.
- Abaliksta T.
- Abantanga F.
- Abbas M.
- Abbasy J.
- Abbo O.
- Abbouch M.
- Abd-Elmawla M.
- Abd-Elrasoul Y.
- Abdallah E.
- Abdel-Aty A.
- Abdel-Hameed N.
- Abdel-Kader S. M.
- Abdel-Wahab N. Y. E.
- Abdelaal A.
- Abdelaty M.
- Abdelazeam A. R.
- Abdelazim G.
- Abdelaziz M. A.
- Abdelbadeai K.
- Abdelfatah A.
- AbdelFattah I.
- Abdelgelil A.
- Abdelghany S.
- Abdelhady S.
- Abdelhamed R.
- Abdelhamid A.
- Abdelhaq A.
- Abdelkader M.
- Abdelkader O.
- Abdelkareem A.
- Abdelkhalek M.
- Abdelmageed E.
- Abdelmotaleb I.
- Abdelraheim M.
- Abdelraouf A. M.
- Abdelrouf D. M.
- Abdelshafy M.
- Abdelshakour M.
- Abdrabou A. K.
- Abdul-Latif S.
- Abdulaziz H.
- Abdulbagi O.
- Abdulgawad M.
- Abdulhakeem E. M.
- Abdullah M. A.
- Abdullah N.
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- Aboarab A.
- Aboelella M.
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- Abozaid M.
- Abozeid K.
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- Publication venue
- Oxford University Press
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US 92492millionusingapproach1and73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was 95004millionusingapproach1and75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially
Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study
- Author
- A Yacoub M.
- A. Adam M.
- A. Nassar M.
- A. Nemer A.
- Aahlin E. K.
- Ab Rahim M. F.
- Abad Gurumeta A.
- Abad-Motos A.
- Abang Jamari D. Z. H.
- Abantanga F.
- Abarca S.
- Abazid E.
- Abbas A.
- Abbas K.
- Abbas M. M.
- Abbasy J.
- Abbosh A.
- Abd B.
- Abd Karim M. F. S.
- Abd Wahab H. H.
- Abdalei A.
- Abdalla Ahmed Elkamel A.
- Abdallah A.
- AbdAllah M. S. M.
- Abdel Malik A. B.
- Abdelhady Mousa H.
- Abdelhady S.
- Abdelhakim A.
- Abdelkader M.
- Abdelkawy S.
- Abdelkhalek M.
- Abdellatif E.
- Abdelmaksoud Tawakel N.
- Abdelmohsen N.
- Abdelmotaleb I.
- Abdelrazek A.
- Abdelsalam I.
- Abdelshakour M.
- Abdelwahed A. M.
- Abdou A.
- Abdou A. O.
- Abdou H.
- Abdul Aziz M. R.
- Abdul Aziz N.
- Abdulgawad Almogy M.
- Abdulla M. A.
- Abdullah M. T.
- Abdullahi L.
- Abdullayev S.
- Abed S.
- Abello D.
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- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised
Coffee and its waste repel gravid Aedes albopictus females and inhibit the development of their embryos
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- A Farah
- A Farah
- A Farah
- A Farajollahi
- A Kosugi
- A Nehlig
- A Pedronel
- A Vega-Rua
- Abdul Hafiz Ab Majid
- AC Morrison
- Ahmad Abu Hassan
- AR Jassbi
- AT Laranja
- AT Monnerat
- B Byttebier
- B Cheng
- B Kamgang
- B Rosay
- BC Zeichner
- BJ Johnson
- BN Ames
- CG Silva
- CGH Nascimento
- Cirilo Nolasco-Hipolito
- CJ Mitchell
- CR Williams
- CR Williams
- D Fish
- D Strickman
- DA Schlaeger
- DA Yee
- DD Chadee
- DF Hoel
- DL Windeguth Von
- DV Canyon
- E Santos
- EJ Scholte
- F Reyes-Villanueva
- Fatima Abdulla Al-Khayyat
- Fatimah Abang
- Fumio Miake
- G Rezza
- GA Wright
- H Dieng
- H Dieng
- H Dieng
- H Dieng
- H Dieng
- H Dieng
- Hamady Dieng
- Hamdan Ahmad
- HL Yeap
- I Dia
- I Flament
- I Kölling-Speer
- I Rochlin
- Idris Abd Ghani
- J Bohbot
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- LJ McDonald
- M Bar-Zeev
- M Nelder
- M Sugumaran
- M Wink
- MD Bentley
- MG Kaufman
- MH Reiskind
- MJ Perich
- MM Itoyama
- MM Itoyama
- MT Moore
- Muhammad Hishamuddin Itam Ahmad
- N Mallikarjuna
- Nur Aida Hashim
- Nur Faeza Abu Kassim
- Olaide Olawunmi Ajibola
- P Karlson
- PF Dowd
- PS Weathersbee
- PV Effler
- PW Miles
- R Bressani
- R Gander
- RD Xue
- RD Xue
- RE Campos
- RF Foelix
- RF Hardwood
- RGM Saifur
- RJ Clarke
- RM Gilbert
- RM Trimble
- RW Howarth
- RY Zacharuk
- S Bolton
- S Topik
- SA Hearne
- SA Juliano
- Salbiah Binti Ellias
- SE Smith
- SI Mussatto
- SR Kim
- SX Cheah
- Systat Software Inc
- T Livdahl
- Tomomitsu Satho
- TW Campbell
- V Thenmozhi
- W Sunarharum
- WA Hawley
- Wan Fatma Zuharah
- WG Downs
- WR Horsfall
- YE Himeidan
- Yuki Fukumitsu
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: A comparative risk assessment
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- Aamodt Geir
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- Abdella Nabila A
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- Agabiti Rosei Enrico
- Agyemang Charles
- Al Nsour Mohannad
- Al Nuaim Abdul R
- Ali Mohamed M
- Ali Mohammed K
- Ambady Ramachandran
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- Angelantonio Emanuele Di
- Arian Dariush Mozaff
- Aro Pertti
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- Babu Bontha V
- Bahalim Adil N
- Barbagallo Carlo M
- Barbieri Marco A
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- Barreto Sandhi M
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- Bobak Martin
- Bonora Enzo
- Botana Manuel A
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- Breckenkamp Juergen
- Breteler Monique M
- Broda Grazyna
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- Campos Hannia
- Cappuccio Francesco P
- Capuano Vincenzo
- Carnahan Emily
- Carvajal Ramiro Guerrero
- Casiglia Edoardo
- Castellano Maurizio
- Castetbon Katia
- Cea Luis
- Chang Chih Jen
- Chaouki Noureddine
- Chatterji Somnath
- Chen Chien Jen
- Chen Zhengming
- Choi Jin Su
- Chua Lily
- Cobiac Linda J
- Cooper Richard S
- Corsi Anna Maria
- Costanza Michael C
- Cowan Melanie J
- Craig Cora L
- Cynthia Pé
- Danaei Goodarz
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- Dastgiri Saeed
- de Leó
- Delgado Elias
- Dinc Gonul
- Doi Yasufumi
- Dong Guang Hui
- Dorsi Eleonora
- Dragano Nico
- Drewnowski Adam
- Eggertsen Robert
- Elliott Paul
- Engeland Anders
- Erem Cihangir
- Esteghamati Alireza
- Ezzati Majid
- Fall Caroline H. D
- Fan Jian Gao
- Farzadfar Farshad
- Fei Xu
- Ferreccio Catterina
- Fezeu Leopold
- Finucane Mariel M
- Firmo José
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- Franceschini Guido
- Frisk Fredrik
- Frisman Gunilla Hollman
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- Gureje Oye
- Gutierrez Hialy R
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- Heim Noor
- Heinrich Joachim
- Hemmingsson Tomas
- Hennis Anselm
- Herman William H
- Herrera Victor M
- Holdsworth Michelle
- Hoorn Stephen Vander
- Hopman Wilma M
- Hussain Akhtar
- Husseini Abdullatif
- Ibrahim M. Mohsen
- Ikeda Nayu
- Iversen Sidsel Graff
- Jacobsen Bjarne K
- Jaddou Hashem Y
- Jafar Tazeen H
- Janghorbani Mohsen
- Jasienska Grazyna
- Jiang He
- Joffres Michel R
- Jonas Jost B
- Kadiki Othman A
- Kalter Leibovici Ofra
- Kamadjeu Raoul M
- Kaptoge Stephen
- Karalis Ioannis
- Kastarinen Mika J
- Katz Joanne
- Keinan Boker Lital
- Kelly Paul
- Khalilzadeh Omid
- Khang Young Ho
- Kiechl Stefan
- Kim Ki Woong
- Kiyohara Yutaka
- Kobayashi Junji
- Krause Maressa P
- Kubí
- Kurjata Pawel
- Kusuma Yadlapalli S
- Lé
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- Langhammer Arnulf
- Lawes Carlene M. M
- Lee Jeannette
- Lennart X. Welin Null
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- Lopez Jaramillo Patricio
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- Maggi Stefania
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- Mannami Toshifumi
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- Minh Hoang V
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- Mohanna Salim
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- Morales Dante D
- Morgan Karen
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- Nabipour Iraj
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- Nangia Vinay
- Nemesure Barbara
- Neovius Martin
- Nerhus Kjersti A
- Nervi Flavio
- Neuhauser Hannelore
- Nguyen Minh
- Ninomiya Toshiharu
- Noale Marianna
- Ohkubo Takayoshi
- Olivieri Oliviero
- Onat Altan
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- Panagiotakos Demosthenes B
- Panza Francesco
- Park Yongsoo
- Passos Valeria M. A
- Pednekar Mangesh S
- Pelizzari Pamela M
- Peres Marco A
- Phua Hwee Pin
- Pichardo Rafael
- Pistelli Francesco
- Plans Pedro
- Polakowska Maria
- Poulter Neil
- Prabhakaran Dorairaj
- Qiao Qing
- Rafiei Masoud
- Rahim Hanan F. Abdul
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- Rampal Lekhraj
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- Rodriguez Artalejo Fernando
- Rojas Martinez Rosalba
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- Shera Abdul S
- Shi Zumin
- Shiri Rahman
- Shu Xiao Ou
- Silva Diego Augusto Santos
- Silva Eglé
- Simons Leon A
- Singh Gitanjali M
- Smith Margaret
- Soebardi Suharko
- Solfrizzi Vincenzo
- Sonestedt Emily
- Soysal Ahmet
- Stattin Pä
- Stefan Ma
- Stein Aryeh D
- Stergiou George S
- Stessman Jochanan
- Stevens Gretchen A
- Sudo Akihiro
- Suka Machi
- Sundh Valter
- Sundquist Kristina
- Sundströ
- Suzanne Ho
- Swai Andrew B
- Tai E. Shyong
- Tambs Kristian
- Tesfaye Fikru
- Thomas George N
- Thorogood Margaret
- Tilvis Reijo S
- Tobias Martin
- Torheim Liv E
- Trenkwalder Peter
- Tuomilehto Jaakko O
- Tur Josep A
- Tzourio Christophe
- Uhernik Ana I
- Ukoli Flora A
- Unwin Nigel
- Vanderpump Mark P
- Varo Jose Javier
- Veierø
- Velá
- Verschuren Monique
- Viet Lucie
- Villalpando Salvador
- Vioque Jesus
- Vollenweider Peter
- Volpato Stefano
- Wang Ningli
- Wang Ya X
- Ward Mark
- Waspadji Sarwono
- Whitlock Gary
- Wilhelmsen Lars
- Willeit Johann
- Woodward Mark
- Wormser David
- Yamamoto Akira
- Yang Gonghuan
- Yang Xiaoguang
- Yanping Li
- Yeh Li Chia
- Yoon Jin Sang
- You Qisheng
- Yuan Lu
- Yuqiu Li
- Zhang Jian
- Zhang Lei
- Zheng Wei
- Zhijie Yu
- Zhou Maigeng
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2014
- Field of study
Background: High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods: We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of population-based health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the effects of risk factors on cause-specific mortality from meta-analyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the effects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specific population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specific deaths. We obtained cause-specific mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the final estimates. Findings: In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10·8 million deaths, 95% CI 10·1-11·5) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined effect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7·1 million deaths, 6·6-7·6) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined effects of these four risk factors surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain. Interpretation: The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing effect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the global response to non-communicable diseases. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, US National Institutes of Health. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd
Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy
- Author
- Aahlin EK
- Aamer A
- Aaniana K
- Ababneh A
- Abaliksta T
- Abantanga F
- Abantanga F
- Abbas A
- Abbas M
- Abbasy J
- Abbo O
- Abbo O
- Abbott T
- Abbouch M
- Abd El Galeel A
- Abd El Hameed OS
- Abd El Hamid N
- Abd El Salam Y
- Abd El Slam M
- Abd El-Salam F
- Abd Elrasoul Y
- Abd-Elmawla M
- Abd-Elrasoul Y
- Abdallah E
- Abdallah E
- Abdel-Aty A
- Abdel-Hameed N
- Abdel-Kader SM
- Abdel-Wahab NYE
- Abdelaal A
- Abdelaty M
- Abdelazeam AR
- Abdelazim G
- Abdelaziz MA
- Abdelbadeai K
- Abdelfatah A
- AbdelFattah I
- Abdelgelil A
- Abdelghany S
- Abdelhady S
- Abdelhamed R
- Abdelhamid A
- Abdelhaq A
- Abdelkader M
- Abdelkader M
- Abdelkader O
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- El-Gizawy E
- El-Hamouly AS
- El-Kashef H
- El-Latif NK
- El-Ma'doul AS
- El-Rabaa S
- El-Sagheer N
- El-Sawy A
- El-Sehily A
- El-Shahat NS
- El-Sheemy H
- El-Taher E
- Elabdin HZ
- Elashmawy M
- Elashry R
- Elazab A
- Elazayem AA
- Elazoul M
- Elbanby E
- Elbanby ES
- Elbatahgy A
- Elbe P
- Elbermawy M
- Elbisomy KH
- Eldafrawy M
- Eldamaty L
- Eldeeb AZ
- Eldeen EA
- Eldin MAB
- EldosoukyMohammed A
- Elebute O
- Elebute O
- Elena G
- Elfarargy A
- Elfeki H
- Elfeki H
- Elfiky M
- Elfil M
- Elfouly N
- Elfouly N
- Elfouly Y
- Elfouly Y
- Elgebaly A
- Elgendy AH
- Elgendy FI
- Elgheriany M
- Elhadad A
- Elhadary NM
- Elhadry S
- Elhalawany E
- Elhamouly S
- Elhelbawy MS
- Elhendawy A
- Elhendawy AOA
- Elhoseny G
- Elhusseiny AAE
- Elizabeth Lopez C
- Elkadsh I
- Elkady F
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkhadrawi M
- Elkhalek EA
- Elkholy A
- Elkholy SS
- Elkolaly SS
- Elkorashy AM
- Ellison Q
- Elmashala A
- Elmasry M
- Elmelegy R
- Elmihy S
- Elnagar A
- Elnajjar MA
- Elnemr AE
- Elrazek AA
- Elsabbagh N
- Elsameea AA
- Elsawahly DME
- Elsawy A
- Elsayed M
- Elsayed M
- Elsayed N
- Elsayed NAR
- Elsayed ZM
- Elsebaaye AO
- Elsehimy M
- Elsemelawy R
- Elshaar M
- Elshaer K
- Elshaer M
- Elshaer M
- Elshafay AE
- Elshami M
- Elshanwany S
- Elsharkawy AA
- Elsheikh S
- Elsherbiney S
- Elsherbiny AS
- Elsherif FA
- Elshobary M
- Elsiddig M
- Elsobky S
- Elsorogy DEAA
- Elwaey A
- Elwakil H
- Elwan A
- Elwan A
- Elwy E
- Elzahed N
- Elzayat I
- Elzayat M
- Elzayyat I
- Elzowawi F
- Emadeldin D
- Emadeldin H
- Emara E
- Emile S
- Eng C
- English W
- Esam A
- Escalante Salas MDC
- Espin-Basany E
- Espinoza F
- Essam A
- Essam AA
- Essam M
- Essoun S
- Esteban E
- Estee MM
- Estupinian S
- Etchill E
- Etchill E
- Etienne S
- Etman M
- Etwire V
- Evajelista CV
- Evans D
- Evans E
- Eysa A
- Eyssartier E
- Ezzat E
- Ezzat T
- Faboya O
- Faccincani R
- Fadel A
- Fahiem A
- Fahim M
- Fahmy MAB
- Fahy C
- Fairfield C
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- Falaschi F
- Falco N
- Falzon M
- Farag A
- Farag S
- Farah A
- Farahat MM
- Faraz A
- Fares M
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- Farhangmehr N
- Farinella E
- Farmakis K
- Farooq T
- Farouk SAM
- Farquharson A
- Farrugia A
- Farrugia A
- Faruq A
- Fathy AM
- Fattah AA
- Fatuga A
- Faturoti O
- Faturoti O
- Faure A
- Fautz T
- Favero A
- Fawzy A
- Feidantsis T
- Felipe CO
- Fergany A
- Fergusson SJ
- Fergusson SJ
- Fergusson SJ
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- Fermani C
- Fermani CG
- Fernandes C
- Fernandez C
- Fernandez-Bueno F
- Fernandez-Vega L
- Ferousis C
- Ferrero E
- Fievet L
- Filatau A
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- Firdouse M
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- Fitsum A
- Fitzgerald JE
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- Florez Farfan ES
- Foco M
- Fok CYJ
- Fontana T
- Foo CC
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- Forno W
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- Fowler AJ
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- Frade F
- Fraga GP
- Francisco Roxas M
- Franco H
- Francois P
- Francois-Coridon H
- Francone E
- Freitas AV
- Frey D
- Frisk B
- Fuentes-Rivera L
- Fujii F
- Furqan MM
- Gaafar S
- Gaarder T
- Gad A
- Gad MO
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- Gadhvi V
- Gado A
- Gaignard E
- Gaignard E
- Gaizauskas V
- Gala T
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- Galiqi G
- Galleano R
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- Gamal D
- Gamal E
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- Gamaly E
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- Garaycochea O
- Garcia Bernardo C
- Garcia Florez LJ
- Garcia Septiem J
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- Gemenetzis G
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- George R
- Germanos S
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- Gerosa A
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- Ghaben A
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- Guevara Torres S
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- Gunawan R
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- Halicioglu I
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- Samaraweera DI
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- Zhang Z
- Zheng F
- Zidan H
- Zidan H
- Zidan M
- Zielinski M
- Ziff O
- Zikry M
- Zil-E-Ali A
- Zilinskas J
- Zilinskas J
- Zilinskas J
- Zilinskas J
- Zilinskas J
- Zilinskiene R
- Zilinskiene R
- Zimmermann EF
- Ziubryte G
- Zohair A
- Zorrilla CD
- Zuber M
- Zuber M
- Zuk G
- Zulkifli A
- Zumbuhl L
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 15/10/2018
- Field of study
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe
Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbas Kaja M.
- Abbasi Mohammad
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasifard Mitra
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd-Allah Foad
- Abdelalim Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahpour Ibrahim
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Parisa
- Abegaz Kedir H.
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abosetugn Akine E.
- Aboyans Victor
- Abrams Elissa M.
- Abreu Lucas G.
- Abrigo Michael R. M.
- Abu Haimed Abdulaziz K.
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Raddad Laith J.
- Abualhasan Ahmed
- Abushouk Abdelrahman I.
- Acebedo Alyssa
- Ackerman Ilana N.
- Adabi Maryam
- Adair Tim
- Adamu Abdu A.
- Adebayo Oladimeji M.
- Adedeji Isaac A.
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adelson Jaimie D.
- Adeoye Abiodun M.
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O.
- Adham Davoud
- Advani Shailesh M.
- Afarideh Mohsen
- Afshari Mahdi
- Afshin Ashkan
- Agardh Emilie E.
- Agarwal Gina
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- Agesa Kareha M.
- Aghaali Mohammad
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- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Alireza
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- Renjith Vishnu
- Renzaho Andre M. N. (R17978)
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Øverland Simon
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019.
Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019
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