240 research outputs found
Mechanoradical H2 generation during simulated faulting: Implications for an earthquakeādriven subsurface biosphere
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Coupled transport and chemical interactions in petroleum reservoirs: Multicomponent tracer demonstration large scale application
This is the final report for a two-year, Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Enhanced tracer approaches for characterization of oil reservoirs were demonstrated and evaluated for both transport and chemical interactions. Existing tracer technology is limited in numbers of tracers and relies heavily on radioactive species. Using expertise developed at Los Alamos through applications of chemical, analytical, and geologic techniques to testing, alternative energy and environmental programs, we have defined new classes of conservative and reactive non-radioactive tracers for both laboratory and field experiments. Reservoir experiments are critical to improved reservoir management, characterization of CO{sub 2} flooding, and validation/development of significantly enhanced simulators utilizing advanced computational technology. A demonstration field tracer experiment has been performed in the Salt Creek Field Unit in West Texas to characterize a section of the reservoir under water-flood. An initial robust set of tracers, field experience in their application, and interpretation methodology was demonstrated for large scale multi-well, multi-tracer flow and connectivity tests
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Adaptive management: a paradigm for remediation of public facilities
Public facility restoration planning traditionally focused on response to natural disasters and hazardous materials accidental releases. These plans now need to integrate response to terrorist actions. Therefore, plans must address a wide range of potential vulnerabilities. Similar types of broad remediation planning are needed for restoration of waste and hazardous material handling areas and facilities. There are strong similarities in damage results and remediation activities between unintentional and terrorist actions; however, the uncertainties associated with terrorist actions result in a re-evaluation of approaches to planning. Restoration of public facilities following a release of a hazardous material is inherently far more complex than in confined industrial settings and has many unique technical, economic, social, and political challenges. Therefore, they arguably involve a superset of drivers, concerns and public agencies compared to other restoration efforts. This superset of conditions increases complexity of interactions, reduces our knowledge of the initial conditions, and even condenses the timeline for restoration response. Therefore, evaluations of alternative restoration management approaches developed for responding to terrorist actions provide useful knowledge for large, complex waste management projects. Whereas present planning documents have substantial linearity in their organization, the 'adaptive management' paradigm provides a constructive parallel operations paradigm for restoration of facilities that anticipates and plans for uncertainty, multiple/simUltaneous public agency actions, and stakeholder participation. Adaptive management grew out of the need to manage and restore natural resources in highly complex and changing environments with limited knowledge about causal relationships and responses to restoration actions. Similarities between natural resource management and restoration of a facility and surrounding area(s) after a disruptive event suggest numerous advantages over preset linearly-structured plans by incorporating the flexibility and overlap of processes inherent in effective facility restoration. We discuss three restoration case studies (e.g., the Hart Senate Office Building anthrax restoration, Rocky Flats actinide remediation, and hurricane destruction restoration), that implement aspects of adaptive management but not a formal approach. We propose that more formal adoption of adaptive management principles could be a basis for more flexible standards to improve site-specific remediation plans under conditions of high uncertainty
Thermal Stress Responses of \u3cem\u3eSodalis Glossinidius\u3c/em\u3e, an Indigenous Bacterial Symbiont of Hematophagous Tsetse Flies
Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) house a taxonomically diverse microbiota that includes environmentally acquired bacteria, maternally transmitted symbiotic bacteria, and pathogenic African trypanosomes. Sodalis glossinidius, which is a facultative symbiont that resides intra and extracellularly within multiple tsetse tissues, has been implicated as a mediator of trypanosome infection establishment in the flyās gut. Tsetseās gut-associated population of Sodalis are subjected to marked temperature fluctuations each time their ectothermic fly host imbibes vertebrate blood. The molecular mechanisms that Sodalis employs to deal with this heat stress are unknown. In this study, we examined the thermal tolerance and heat shock response of Sodalis. When grown on BHI agar plates, the bacterium exhibited the most prolific growth at 25oC, and did not grow at temperatures above 30oC. Growth on BHI agar plates at 31Ā°C was dependent on either the addition of blood to the agar or reduction in oxygen levels. Sodalis was viable in liquid cultures for 24 hours at 30oC, but began to die upon further exposure. The rate of death increased with increased temperature. Similarly, Sodalis was able to survive for 48 hours within tsetse flies housed at 30oC, while a higher temperature (37oC) was lethal. Sodalisā genome contains homologues of the heat shock chaperone protein-encoding genes dnaK, dnaJ, and grpE, and their expression was up-regulated in thermally stressed Sodalis, both in vitro and in vivo within tsetse fly midguts. Arrested growth of E. coli dnaK, dnaJ, or grpE mutants under thermal stress was reversed when the cells were transformed with a low copy plasmid that encoded the Sodalis homologues of these genes. The information contained in this study provides insight into how arthropod vector enteric commensals, many of which mediate their hostās ability to transmit pathogens, mitigate heat shock associated with the ingestion of a blood meal
Permeability-porosity relationships in seafloor vent deposits : dependence on pore evolution processes
Author Posting. Ā© American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): B05208, doi:10.1029/2006JB004716.Systematic laboratory measurements of permeability and porosity were conducted on three large vent structures from the Mothra Hydrothermal vent field on the Endeavor segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geometric means of permeability values obtained from a probe permeameter are 5.9 Ć 10ā15 m2 for Phang, a tall sulfide-dominated spire that was not actively venting when sampled; 1.4 Ć 10ā14 m2 for Roane, a lower-temperature spire with dense macrofaunal communities growing on its sides that was venting diffuse fluid of <300Ā°C; and 1.6 Ć 10ā14 m2 for Finn, an active black smoker with a well-defined inner conduit that was venting 302Ā°C fluids prior to recovery. Twenty-three cylindrical cores were then taken from these vent structures. Permeability and porosity of the drill cores were determined on the basis of Darcy's law and Boyle's law, respectively. Permeability values range from ā¼10ā15 to 10ā13 m2 for core samples from Phang, from ā¼10ā15 to 10ā12 m2 for cores from Roane, and from ā¼10ā15 to 3 Ć 10ā13 m2 for cores from Finn, in good agreement with the probe permeability measurements. Permeability and porosity relationships are best described by two different power law relationships with exponents of ā¼9 (group I) and ā¼3 (group II). Microstructural analyses reveal that the difference in the two permeability-porosity relationships reflects different mineral precipitation processes as pore space evolves within different parts of the vent structures, either with angular sulfide grains depositing as aggregates that block fluid paths very efficiently (group I), or by late stage amorphous silica that coats existing grains and reduces fluid paths more gradually (group II). The results suggest that quantification of permeability and porosity relationships leads to a better understanding of pore evolution processes. Correctly identifying permeability and porosity relationships is an important first step toward accurately estimating fluid distribution, flow rate, and environmental conditions within seafloor vent deposits, which has important consequences for chimney growth and biological communities that reside within and on vent structures.Support from the
National Science Foundation under grants NSF OCE-9986456 (W.Z. and
M.K.T.) and NSF OCE-0327488 (P.R.C.) is gratefully acknowledged. We
also thank the WHOI summer student fellowship for providing support to
H.G
Elucidation of a novel Vibrio cholerae lipid A secondary hydroxy-acyltransferase and its role in innate immune recognition
Similar to most Gram-negative bacteria, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Vibrio cholerae is comprised of lipopolysaccharide. Previous reports have proposed that V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 synthesize structurally different lipid A domains, which anchor lipopolysaccharide within the outer membrane. In the current study, intact lipid A species of V. cholerae O1 and O139 were analysed by mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that V. cholerae serogroups associated with human disease synthesize a similar asymmetrical hexa-acylated lipid A species, bearing a myristate (C14:0) and 3-hydroxylaurate (3-OH C12:0) at the 2ā²- and 3ā²-positions respectively. A previous report from our laboratory characterized the V. cholerae LpxL homologue Vc0213, which transfers a C14:0 to the 2ā²-position of the glucosamine disaccharide. Our current findings identify V. cholerae Vc0212 as a novel lipid A secondary hydroxy-acyltransferase, termed LpxN, responsible for transferring the 3-hydroxylaurate (3-OH C12:0) to the V. cholerae lipid A domain. Importantly, the presence of a 3-hydroxyl group on the 3ā²-linked secondary acyl chain was found to promote antimicrobial peptide resistance in V. cholerae; however, this functional group was not required for activation of the innate immune response
The expression of plasmid mediated afimbrial adhesin genes in an avian septicemic Escherichia coli strain
An Escherichia coli strain (SEPT13) isolated from the liver of a hen presenting clinical signs of septicaemia had a LD50 of 4.0 Ć 105 CFU/ml in one-day-old chickens, expressed Ia, Ib, E1, E3, K and B colicins and aerobactin. The strain was ampicillin and streptomycin resistant, and found to have fimA, csgA and tsh DNA related sequences; it could adhere to and invade HEp-2 and tracheal epithelial cells, expressed fimbriae (observed by electron microscopy), and had five plasmids of 2.7, 4.7, 43, 56, and 88 MDa. Transposon mutagenesis of strain SEPT13, with transposon TnphoA, resulted in a mutant strain named ST16 that had a LD50 of 1.2 Ć 1012 CFU/ml. All other biological characteristics of strain ST16 were the same as those detected for strain SEPT13 except for the migration of an 88 MDa plasmid to the 93 MDa position indicating the insertion of the transposon into the 88 MDa plasmid. The 93 MDa plasmid of strain ST16 was transferred, by electroporation assay, to non-pathogenic receptor strains (E. coli strains K12 MS101 and HB101), resulting in transformant strains A and B, respectively. These strains exhibited adhesion properties to in vitro cultivated HEp-2 cells but did not have the capacity for invasion. The adherence occurred despite the absence of fimbriae; this finding suggests that the 88 MDa plasmid has afimbrial adhesin genes
Geochemistry of abyssal peridotites (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 15Ā°20ā²N, ODP Leg 209) : implications for fluid/rock interaction in slow spreading environments
Author Posting. Ā© Elsevier B.V., 2006. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Chemical Geology 234 (2006): 179-210, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.04.011.Abyssal peridotite from the 15Ā°20āN area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge show complex geochemical variations among the different sites drilled during ODP Leg 209. Major element compositions indicate variable degrees of melt depletion and refertilization as well as local hydrothermal metasomatism. Strongest evidence for melt-rock interactions are correlated Light Rare Earth Element (LREE) and High Field Strength Element (HFSE) additions at sites 1270 and 1271. In contrast, hydrothermal alteration at Sites 1274, 1272, and 1268 causes LREE mobility associated with minor HFSE variability, reflecting the low solubility of HFSE in aqueous solutions. Site 1274 contains the least-altered, highly refractory, peridotite with strong depletion in LREE and shows a gradual increase in the intensity of isochemical serpentinization; except for the addition of H2O which causes a mass gain of up to 20 g/100 g. The formation of magnetite is reflected in decreasing Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios. This style of alteration is referred to as rock-dominated serpentinization. In contrast, fluid-dominated serpentinization at Site 1268 is characterized by gains in sulfur and development of U-shaped REE pattern with strong positive Eu anomalies which are also characteristic for hot (350 to 400Ā°C) vent-type fluids discharging from black smoker fields. Serpentinites at Site 1268 were overprinted by talc alteration under static conditions due to interaction with high aSiO2 fluids causing the development of smooth, LREE-enriched patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies. These results show that hydrothermal fluid-peridotite and fluid-serpentinite interaction processes are an important factor regarding the budget of exchange processes between the lithosphere and the hydrosphere in slow spreading environments.ODP is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and participating countries under management of Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc
S-33 constraints on the seawater sulfate contribution in modern seafloor hydrothermal vent sulfides
Author Posting. Ā© Elsevier B.V., 2006. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71 (2007): 1170-1182, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.11.017.Sulfide sulfur in mid-oceanic ridge hydrothermal vents is derived from leaching of basaltic-sulfide and seawater-derived sulfate that is reduced during high temperature water rock
interaction. Conventional sulfur isotope studies, however, are inconclusive about the mass-balance
between the two sources because 34S/32S ratios of vent fluid H2S and chimney sulfide
minerals may reflect not only the mixing ratio but also isotope exchange between sulfate and
sulfide. Here, we show that high-precision analysis of S-33 can provide a unique constraint
because isotope mixing and isotope exchange result in different Ī33S (ā” Ī“33S ā 0.515 Ī“34S) values
of up to 0.04 ā° even if Ī“34S values are identical. Detection of such small Ī33S differences is
technically feasible by using the SF6 dual-inlet mass-spectrometry protocol that has been
improved to achieve a precision as good as 0.006 ā° (2Ļ).
Sulfide minerals (marcasite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite) and vent H2S collected
from four active seafloor hydrothermal vent sites, East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9-10Ā° N, 13Ā° N, and
21Ā° S and Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) 37Ā° N yield Ī33S values ranging from ā0.002 to 0.033 and
Ī“34S from ā0.5 to 5.3 ā°. The combined Ī“34S and Ī33S systematics reveal that 73 to 89 % of vent
sulfides are derived from leaching from basaltic sulfide and only 11 to 27 % from seawater-derived
sulfate. Pyrite from EPR 13Ā° N and marcasite from MAR 37Ā° N are in isotope
disequilibrium not only in Ī“34S but also in Ī33S with respect to associated sphalerite and
chalcopyrite, suggesting non-equilibrium sulfur isotope exchange between seawater sulfate and
sulfide during pyrite precipitation. Seafloor hydrothermal vent sulfides are characterized by low
Ī33S values compared with biogenic sulfides, suggesting little or no contribution of sulfide from
microbial sulfate reduction into hydrothermal sulfides at sediment-free mid-oceanic ridge
systems. We conclude that 33S is an effective new tracer for interplay among seawater, oceanic
crust and microbes in subseafloor hydrothermal sulfur cycles.S. Ono thanks the Agouron Institute for financial support and funding from the NASA Astrobiology Institute and Carnegie Institution
of Washington for supporting the analytical costs. Funding for O. Rouxel is from the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at WHOI
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