Petits établissements et secteur non structuré à Abidjan : un dénombrement par le fichier des patentes municipales

Le recensement des patentes municipales mené à Abidjan en 1983 a permis, au delà du comptage des petits établissements, de fournir un éclairage nouveau sur certains aspects de l'économie locale et de mettre en place une définition du secteur non structuré, acceptable conceptuellement et opératoire. L'information majeure fournie par le recensement est le nombre d'établissements pour chaque activité par commune (par ailleurs, les établissements recensés par les patentes municipales n'ayant pas fait de déclaration d'activité sont inclus dans le secteur non structuré). Sur 17157 établissements recensés, 31% exercent une activité de production, 24,4% de services et 45,6% de commerce (prépondérant dans toutes les communes sauf à Adjamé et au Plateau). Le recensement montre également la croissance très rapide du nombre d'établissements depuis 1967 (notamment pour le commerce) et l'ivoirisation des établissements. En 1982, 33,3% des établissements appartiennent à des ivoiriens (19,2% en 1967 et 23,2% en 1976). A noter que pour les seuls établissements non structurés, l'ivoirisation est légèrement moins élevée (28,9% en 1982)

Short-term and Long-term Exposure to Air pollution and Stroke risk

Background: Stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity across the world. Air pollution has become an acknowledged risk factor for stroke, especially for acute effects. There is less support for effects by chronic exposure due to the methodological challenges inherent in such studies. Such challenges can regard missing individual level data or residual confounding and can partly be overcome by employing two-phase methods. The general idea with such methods is to incorporate study subjects with partly missing data into the analysis. The main aims in this work were to investigate if air pollution increase stroke risk in Scania (Sweden), where pollution levels are rather low, and to investigate the performance of different two-phase methods. Methods: Nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentrations were modelled with high resolution. Data from the National Stroke Register (Riks-stroke) were obtained on hospital admissions for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke during the years 2001 to 2006. The association between annual mean levels of NOx (as a marker for long-term exposure to air pollution) and ischemic stroke was studied in a two-phase case-control design. The short-term association between daily levels of inhalable particulate air pollution (PM10), ozone, NOx and temperature and the number of strokes occurring each day was studied with time series methods. The performance of several different two-phase methods was compared in a simulated case-control study. Results: No association between annual mean NOx and ischemic stroke was observed. Regarding short-term effects, high levels of PM10 increased the risk of ischemic stroke the next day, whereas high levels of temperature decreased the risk the next day. For hemorrhagic strokes, a similar, but less precise pattern was observed. Two-phase methods seemed to benefit from incorporating group-level data on exposure. The method which was most suitable for incorporating such data could be generalised to polytomous exposure categories and to include confounding factors. Conclusions: No evidence for long-term exposure to air pollution to increase ischemic stroke risk in Scania was observed. Short-terms effects by PM10 were documented, contributing to evidence for risk increases even in low-level areas. The role of temperature should be investigated further. The use of two-phase methods was illustrated in both a methodologial study and an empirical study

America\u27s opportunity in China

Article published in the periodical Scribner\u27s Magazine, Vol. 65, No. 6, June 1919; pgs. 771-772https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/eastbooks/1037/thumbnail.jp

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of electrospun TiO2/polyacrylonitrile membranes in a crossflow reactor using dual lights

Photocatalytic membranes reactors have become one of the most efficient technologies to treat polluted waters. However, a major drawback is the unilateral irradiation of the membrane, where only one side of the membrane is exploited. To overcome this issue, we developed a reactor where the membrane can be irradiated on both sides. Polyacrylonitrile membranes containing different amounts of TiO2 nanoparticles up to 60% were first prepared by electrospinning. These membranes were used in a 3D-printed crossflow photocatalytic membrane reactor for the degradation of methylene blue under different combinations of lights. The use of both sides of the photocatalytic membrane significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity for the decolorization of methylene blue in water. The prepared membranes showed the best decolorization rate for a loading of 60% of TiO2 and the use of dual ultraviolet lights, where the methylene blue solution was completely discolored after 90 min. This is the first report of a such system configuration, and this new irradiation concept is promising for photocatalytic membrane reactions and water cleaning.publishedVersio

Langue et identité ethnique dans une communauté montagnaise bilingue

Le contact avec le français a entraîné des bouleversements linguistiques majeurs chez les Montagnais de Betsiamites où la fossilisation des habitudes d’alternance codique mène directement à l’émergence d’une langue mixte. Il est courant dans le domaine des langues mixtes d’invoquer le développement d’une identité métissée comme élément déclencheur de la mixité de la langue. Cet article présente les résultats d’une enquête menée à Betsiamites qui démontrent que l’hybridation de la langue ne s’accompagne pas d’une mutation dans l’identité. Ces résultats remettent en question l’hypothèse qui veut que les langues mixtes soient créées dans le but de satisfaire aux exigences d’une identité ethnique en voie de redéfinition.Language contact with French has brought about significant linguistic change in Betsiamites Montagnais where the fossilization of code-switching strategies leads to the development of a mixed language. A strong current in mixed language studies appeals to the development of a mixed identity in explaining the genesis of mixed languages. This article presents the results of a survey conducted in Betsiamites where the hybridization of Montagnais does not come with any mutation in ethnic identity. These results challenge the common assumption that mixed languages are created as a result of a mutation in ethnic identity