35 research outputs found

    Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

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    A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

    Measurement of jet fragmentation in Pb+Pb and pppp collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{{s_\mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

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    Search for new phenomena in events containing a same-flavour opposite-sign dilepton pair, jets, and large missing transverse momentum in s=\sqrt{s}= 13 pppp collisions with the ATLAS detector

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    Differential regulation of IL-2 and HIV-1 gene expression from transcriptional repressors in naive and memory T helper cells

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    IL-2 is the first cytokine produced when naive T helper (Th) cells are activated and differentiate into dividing pre-Th0 proliferating precursors. The HIV1 virus is transcriptionally active in activated CD4 T-cells, and inactive in naïve CD4 T-cells. IL-2 and HIV-1 expression is blocked in naive Th cells by a transcriptional silencer that binds to the ARRE-2/NFAT element of the IL-2 gene promoter and RATS-Repressor Activator Target Sequence of HIV1-LTR (-279 to -250bp). These two elements share a homologous sequence that encompasses the AAGGAG Εts-2 binding site. Herein we show that Ets-2 is the repressor of IL-2 and HIV-1-LTR expression in CD4+CD45RA+CD25-FoxP3- naive Th cells by binding to this common region. This silencing activity disappears in activated naïve Th cells and memory Th cells.We first measured the levels of ets-2 mRNA in activated with PMA/Ionomycin (P/I) or non activated (CM) peripheral blood-derived T-cells and 9 leukemic cell lines. Ets-2 mRNA was synthesized in T-cells and in the most cell lines when cultured in plain culture medium (CM), but its synthesis was severely reduced when the cells were stimulated. In naive Th cells, the ets-2 mRNA, quantity of Ets-2 protein and its binding activity to ARRE-2 and RATS sequence decrease upon Th cell activation, followed by a reciprocal expression of IL-2. Cyclosporine A stabilizes ets-2 mRNA and protein when the cells are activated.We transfected Jurkat cells with (i) the reporter plasmids IL-2-CAT, 4xARRE-CAT (4 copies of ARRE-2 sequence), 2xmutantARRE-CAT (carries a point mutation in the Ets-2 binding site) (ii) HIV1-LTR-CAT, 2xRATS-CAT (2 copies of RATS sequence), 2xmutantRATS-CAT (carries a point mutation in the Ets-2 binding site) and CMV-CAT (control), (iii) pCDNA3-ets2 (for ets-2 overexpression), (iv) ets-2 shRNA (to silence ets-2 expression in the cells). Co-transfection experiments in Jurkat cells with increasing amounts of pCDNA3-ets2, led to a gradual reduction of IL-2-CAT, 4xARRE-CAT, HIV1-LTR-CAT and 2xRATS-CAT transcriptional activity, upon cell stimulation with P/I, but not of CMV-CAT. No transcriptional response was observed for the 2xmutantARRE-CAT and 2xmutantRATS-CAT reporter genes. Cotransfection experiments with HIV1-LTR-CAT, 2xRATS-CAT and ets-2 shRNA led to an increase in both reporter genes activity but not for 2xmutantRATS-CAT and CMV-CAT. Also transfection of the Jurkat cell line with ets-2 shRNA clones led to a slight expression of endogenous IL- 2 mRNA confirming that Ets-2 acts as a repressor of IL-2 expression in these cells in non inductive conditions. Chromatin Imunoprecipitation experiments revealed that Ets-2 binding activity to the ARRE-2 element of the native IL-2 promoter is stronger in naive Th cells compared to activated or memory Th cells. In the same way when ChiP experiments performed in transfected with the HIV-1-LTR plasmid Jurkat cells, Ets-2 binding activity to the RATS element was stronger to the CM condition compared to the P/I where the Ets-2 binding activity disappears.In this work we suggest that ets-2 expression and protein binding to the ARRE-2 element of the IL-2 promoter are part of a strictly regulated process that results in a physiological transition of naive Th cells to Th0 cells upon antigenic stimulation. Malfunction of such a repression mechanism at the molecular level could lead to disturbed later events in Th cell plasticity, leading, in term, to autoimmune diseases or other pathological conditions. The transition of naive Th cells to memory and activated Th cells plays a crucial role in the activation of the HIV-1-LTR expression in the infected cells. Thus, our results also confirm the role of Ets-2 as a transcriptional repressor of HIV1. This HIV1-LTR-RATS-mediated repression may account for the low-level transcription and replication of HIV1 in naïve T-cells, and contribute to the viral latency and maintenance of viral reservoirs in patients, despite long-term therapy.Η IL-2 είναι η πρώτη κυτταροκίνη η οποία εκκρίνεται όταν τα παρθενικά Τ βοηθητικά (Th) λεμφοκύτταρα ενεργοποιούνται και διαφοροποιούνται σε λειτουργικά Τh0 λεμφοκύτταρα, από τα οποία θα προέλθουν τα Τ βοηθητικά λεμφοκύτταρα των άλλων γραμμών διαφοροποίησης. Ο ιός HIV-1 είναι μεταγραφικά ενεργός στα ενεργοποιημένα CD4+ T κύτταρα και ανενεργός στα παρθενικά Τh λεμφοκύτταρα. Η έκφραση της IL-2 και του HIV-1 εμποδίζεται στα παρθενικά Τh λεμφοκύτταρα από την ύπαρξη ενός καταστολέα ο οποίος προσδένεται στην ARRE-2/NFAT περιοχή του υποκινητή της IL-2 και την RATS (Repressor Activator Target Sequence) αλληλουχία (-279 to -250bp) του HIV-1-LTR αντίστοιχα. Οι δύο αυτές περιοχές παρουσιάζουν νουκλεοτιδική ομολογία στην αλληλουχία τους και εμπεριέχουν το νουκλεοτιδικό μοτίβο AAGGAG, που αποτελεί αλληλουχία πρόσδεσης του μεταγραφικού παράγοντα Ets-2. Στην παρούσα διατριβή αποδείξαμε ότι ο παράγοντας Ets-2 είναι καταστολέας της έκφρασης της IL-2 και του HIV-1-LTR στα CD4+CD45RA+CD25-FoxP3- παρθενικά Τh κύτταρα, μέσω της πρόσδεσής του στην κοινή τους αλληλουχία. Η κατασταλτική αυτή δράση του παράγοντα Ets-2 παύει να υπάρχει στα μνημονικά Th κύτταρα ή όταν τα παρθενικά Th κύτταρα ενεργοποιηθούν.Αρχικά μετρήσαμε τα επίπεδα σύνθεσης του ets-2 mRNA σε υποπληθυσμούς T λεμφοκυττάρων και σε 9 λευχαιμικές κυτταρικές σειρές, πριν και μετά την ενεργοποίηση των κυττάρων με τα μιτογόνα PMA/Ionomicyn (P/I). To ets-2 mRNA ανιχνεύθηκε στα Τ κύτταρα και στις περισσότερες κυτταρικές σειρές όταν τα κύτταρα καλλιεργήθηκαν σε πλήρες καλλιεργητικό υλικό (CM), αλλά η σύνθεσή του μειώθηκε σημαντικά μετά την ενεργοποίηση των κυττάρων (P/I). Στα παρθενικά Τh λεμφοκύτταρα τα επίπεδα του ets-2 mRNA και της Ets-2 πρωτεΐνης καθώς και η ικανότητα πρόσδεσης του παράγοντα Ets-2 στις ARRE-2 και RATS αλληλουχίες, μειώνονται μετά την ενεργοποίηση των Th κυττάρων. Η μείωση αυτή ακολουθείται από ταυτόχρονη έκφραση της IL-2. Η προσθήκη κυκλοσπορίνης A στην καλλιέργεια των κυττάρων οδήγησε στην σταθεροποίηση της έκφρασης του ets-2 mRNA και πρωτεΐνης όταν τα κύτταρα έχουν πρώτα ενεργοποιηθεί.Στην συνέχεια διαμολύναμε τα κύτταρα Jurkat με (i) τα πλασμίδια IL-2-CAT, 4xARRE-CAT (φέρει 4 αντίγραφα της ARRE-2 αλληλουχίας), 2xmutantARRE-CAT (φέρει σημειακή μετάλλαξη στην αλληλουχία πρόσδεσης του παράγοντα Ets-2) (ii) HIV1-LTR-CAT, 2xRATS-CAT (2 αντίγραφα της RATS αλληλουχίας), 2xmutantRATS-CAT (φέρει σημειακή μετάλλαξη στην αλληλουχία πρόσδεσης του παράγοντα Ets-2) και CMV-CAT (control), (iii) pCDNA3-ets2 (για την υπερέκφραση της Εts-2 πρωτεΐνης), (iv) ets-2 shRNA (για την αποσιώπηση της έκφρασης του Ets-2 στα κύτταρα). Πειράματα συνδυαμολύνσεων στα Jurkat κύτταρα με αυξανόμενες ποσότητες του pCDNA3-ets2 οδήγησε σε σταδιακή μείωση της μεταγραφικής ενεργότητας των πλασμιδίων IL-2-CAT, 4xARRE-CAT, HIV1-LTR-CAT και 2xRATS-CAT μετά από μιτογονική διέγερση των κυττάρων με P/I. Καμία αλλαγή δεν παρατηρήθηκε στην μεταγραφική ενεργότητα των πλασμιδίων αναφοράς CMV-CAT, 2xmutantARRE-CAT και 2xmutantRATS-CAT. Αντίθετα, πειράματα συνδυαμολύνσεων με τα πλασμίδια αναφοράς HIV1-LTR-CAT, 2xRATS-CAT και τους κλώνους του ets-2 sh-RNA οδήγησε στην αύξηση της μεταγραφικής ενεργότητας και των δύο πλασμιδίων αναφοράς αλλά όχι για τα 2xmutantRATS-CAT και CMV-CAT. Επίσης η διαμόλυνση των Jurkat κυττάρων με τους κλώνους του ets-2 sh-RNA, απουσία σημάτων ενεργοποίησης, οδήγησε και στην έκφραση του ενδογενούς IL-2 mRNA. Η παρατήρηση αυτή επιβεβαιώνει την κατασταλτική δράση του παράγοντα Ets-2 στην έκφραση της IL-2 σε μη επαγώγιμες συνθήκες. Τα πειράματα ανοσοκατακρήμνισης χρωματίνης αποκάλυψαν ότι η ικανότητα πρόσδεσης του παράγοντα Ets-2 στο ARRE-2 στοιχείο του υποκινητή της IL-2, είναι ισχυρότερη στα παρθενικά Τh κύτταρα σε σχέση με τα ενεργοποιημένα ή μνημονικά Τ βοηθητικά λεμφοκύτταρα. Με την ίδια πειραματική διαδικασία αυτή την φορά σε Jurkat κύτταρα τα οποία είχαν διαμολυνθεί με το πλασμίδιο HIV-1-LTR παρατηρήθηκε ότι η ικανότητα πρόσδεσης του παράγοντα Ets-2 στην RATS αλληλουχία ήταν ισχυρότερη στην CM συνθήκη σε σχέση με το P/I όπου ο παράγοντας Ets-2 εξαφανίζεται από την RATS αλληλουχία.Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή προτείνουμε ότι η έκφραση του ets-2 και η πρόσδεση της Ets-2 πρωτεΐνης στο ARRE-2 στοιχείο του υποκινητή της IL-2 αποτελεί μέρος μιας αυστηρά ρυθμιζόμενης διαδικασίας που έχει σαν τελικό αποτέλεσμα την μετάβαση των παρθενικών Τh λεμφοκυττάρων σε Th0 κύτταρα μετά από αντιγονική διέγερσή τους. Δυσλειτουργία ενός τέτοιου κατασταλτικού μηχανισμού σε μοριακό επίπεδο θα μπορούσε να οδηγήσει σε μετέπειτα διαταραχές στην πλαστικότητα των Th κυττάρων με αποτέλεσμα εμφάνιση αυτοάνοσων ή άλλων παθολογικών καταστάσεων. Η μετάβαση των παρθενικών Τh λεμφοκυττάρων στην μνημονική και ενεργοποιημένη κατάσταση των κυττάρων παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην ενεργοποίηση της έκφρασης του HIV-1-LTR στα μολυσμένα κύτταρα. Αυτή η καταστολή του ιικού γονιδιώματος που διαμεσολαβείται μέσω της RATS αλληλουχίας μπορεί να ευθύνεται για την χαμηλή μεταγραφική ενεργότητα και πολλαπλασιασμού του ιού HIV-1 στα παρθενικά Τ βοηθητικά λεμφοκύτταρα και να συμβάλει στην λανθάνουσα κατάσταση του ιού στα κύτταρα αυτά καθώς και στην διατήρηση των ιικών αποθεμάτων παρά την μακράς διαρκείας θεραπεία

    Cord blood leptin levels of healthy neonates are associated with IFN-γ production by cord blood T-cells.

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    Leptin is a hormone synthesized by adipocytes and other tissues, including the placenta, and it regulates food intake and energy expenditure, reproductive and immune functions. To investigate the role of leptin in neonatal immunity, we measured serum leptin and cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12) levels in the cord blood (cb) of 510 healthy neonates, 14 small for gestational age (SGA), 312 appropriately grown for gestational age (AGA) and 184 large for gestational age (LGA). Median serum leptin concentration in the whole sample was 11 ng/ml. In 11.2% neonates (1 SGA, 32 AGA, 24 LGA), leptin levels were >90th percentile (median 39 ng/ml). In 33.3% of those (3.72% of total sample) with the highest leptin levels (median 46 ng/ml), significantly elevated levels of serum IFN-γ were also found (mean 27.11 pg/ml, range 17.5-38.5 pg/ml). In neonates with leptin levels ∼50th percentile (median 12 ng/ml) or <10th percentile (median 1 ng/ml), serum IFN-γ levels were negligible. All other cytokines measured, were < the assays' detection limits. To investigate whether leptin can independently influence cytokine gene expression by cb T-cells and monocytes (Mc), we cultured cb T-cells or Mc, isolated from randomly selected AGA neonates or adult peripheral blood, with leptin. This resulted in upregulation of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 gene expression in cb and adult T-cells and IL-10 expression mainly in cb-Mc. Significantly higher expression of IFN-γ occurred in female cb-T-cells cultured with leptin, compared with male cb-T-cells. In conclusion, the concurrent presence of high concentrations in both leptin and IFN-γ in cb of healthy infants, and leptin's ability to directly upregulate cytokine gene expression in cb T and Mc cells, indicate that abnormally high leptin levels can independently influence the immune system of healthy newborns, and may mediate gender differences in the development of a Th1 polarized immune response

    The Role of Leptin in Childhood Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): An Anti-Inflammatory Agent?

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    To investigate the effect of leptin in childhood ITP, we measured plasma leptin in 39 children with acute ITP, after treatment and in remission, and in 33 healthy age/BMI-matched controls. We also cultured ITP and control peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with recombinant leptin to assess its direct effect on pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. A significant increase in leptin was observed in children with active disease compared to controls. A significant inverse correlation of leptin with platelet count was also observed in children with acute ITP. Leptin remained high after treatment with IVIg, whereas steroid treatment lowered leptin below control levels. In remission, leptin was in the control range. Cytokine gene expression was significantly increased in children with acute ITP compared with controls, with highest expression for IFN-γ and IL-10. IVIg/steroid treatment significantly decreased IFN-γ and IL-10 expression. In remission, IFN-γ and IL-10 expression remained low. Addition of leptin to PBMCs isolated from patients in remission resulted in a significant increase in IL-10 gene expression compared to controls. Further experiments with purified T-cells and monocytes identified monocytes as the source of leptin-induced IL-10. We suggest that leptin acts as an active anti-inflammatory agent in childhood ITP by promoting IL-10 secretion by monocytes

    Design of laterally-loaded monopiles in layered soils

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    This paper describes an implementation of the methodology, developed in Phase 2 the recent PISA (PIle Soil Analysis) joint industry research project, for the design of laterally-loaded monopiles in layered soils. The software PLAXIS MoDeTo and PLAXIS 3D are employed to obtain the soil reaction curves that are required for the method, following the PISA ‘numerical-based’ design approach. A particular design space is selected to define the variation of the geometrical parameters assigned to the three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element (FE) calibration models. The parameters that span the design space are the embedded length (L), the outer pile diameter (D), the pile wall thickness (t) and the height above the mudline (h), where the design load is applied. The soil reaction curves are determined from the 3D FE calibration models for separate homogeneous soil conditions consisting of stiff normally consolidated clay and very dense sand. The calibration set consists of eight 3D FE models, for each homogeneous soil profile. Subsequently, the soil reaction curves are parameterised and used to calibrate a one-dimensional (1D) FE model, formulated by means of Timoshenko beam theory, which allows for fast and robust design calculations. A final design model (DM) is defined and its response is studied considering the two homogeneous profiles and four additional layered soil profiles. The results of each 1D analysis are compared with equivalent 3D FE models and a 1D FE model developed at the University of Oxford (OxPile) as part of the PISA research. The accuracy metric eta (η) is used to compare quantitatively the response among the employed models, focusing on large displacements at ground level (about D/10). The results indicate a very good match for all considered soil profiles; all computed η values exceed 90%. The research findings support the applicability of the PISA design methodology in both homogeneous and layered soil conditions

    Effect of rleptin on cytokine gene expression in cord blood and adult peripheral blood T-cells and monocytes<sup>≠</sup>.

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    ≠<p>Results from RT-PCR performed on purified cb and adult CD3+ T-cells and CD14+ monocytes cultured for 8h ± rleptin. The numbers denote positive samples; in parentheses, the range of gene intensities in pixels for the positive samples (<b><sup>#</sup></b>Students’ t-test, P<0.05). Culture, culture conditions; cb, cord blood; PB, peripheral blood; n, number of samples; CM, plain culture medium;</p>*<p>adult monocyte samples that did not express any of the cytokine genes tested in CM and responded to rleptin; rleptin did not affect the IL-10 expression of the 6 positive samples in CM (<b><sup>¥</sup></b>).</p

    An Analytical Framework in OFDM Wireless Networks Servicing Random or Quasi-Random Traffic

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    We consider the downlink of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based cell that services calls from many service-classes. The call arrival process is random (Poisson) or quasi-random, i.e., calls are generated by an infinite or a finite number of sources, respectively. In order to determine congestion probabilities and resource utilization, we model the cell as a multirate loss model. Regarding the call admission, we consider the restricted accessibility, the bandwidth reservation (BR), and the complete sharing (CS) policies. In a system of restricted accessibility, a new call may be blocked even if resources do exist. In a BR system, subcarriers can be reserved in favor of calls of high subcarrier requirements. Finally, in a CS system, a new call is blocked due to resource unavailability. In all three policies, we show that there exist recursive formulas for the determination of the various performance measures. Based on simulation, the accuracy of the proposed formulas is found to be quite satisfactory

    Anthropometric characteristics of the mothers<sup>*</sup>.

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    *<p>Data are presented as mean (± standard deviation) with minimum and maximum values.</p
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