Max Webers Institutionalisierungskonzept: Über den Zusammenhang von Ideen und Interessen am Beispiel Stadt

Ausgangspunkt ist die Beobachtung, daß der Zusammenhang von Rationalisierungsund Institutionalisierungskonzept im Weberschen Werk bisher zu wenig Beachtung gefunden hat. Im Mittelpunkt steht deshalb eine Rekonstruktion dieses Zusammenhanges, die vom Begriff der Ordnung ausgeht. Darüber hinaus wird die These vertreten, es gebe einen engen Verweisungszusammenhang zwischen Webers theoretischen und empirisch-historischen Bemühungen. Der hier vorgeführten Weber- Interpretation dient aus diesem Grund die Typologie der Städte als Folie.The relationship between the concepts of rationalization and institutionalization in Weber's work has found not enough attention. Therefore, the author focuses on a reconstruction of this relationship from the perspective of order, assuming a close context of reference between Weber's theoretical and empirical-historical work. The Typology of Cities serves as a background for the. Weber interpretation presented here

Rechtswissenschaftliche Expertise für den Tiergartentunnel: Zur Institutionalisierung eines Grenzobjekts

Im Zentralen Bereich von Berlin befindet sich die zur Zeit größte Baustelle Europas. Eine Vielzahl von Organisationen ist damit beschäftigt, die neue Berliner Mitte unter enormem Termindruck aus dem Boden zu stampfen. Wie wird das unter der Bedingung gemacht, daß es keine Organisation gibt, die das Gesamtgeschehen steuert, und welche Rolle spielt Wissenschaft dabei? Ein konkreter Fall wird herausgegriffen und analysiert: Die Erfindung eines rechtswissenschaftlichen Argumentes im Zusammenhang mit Ausschreibungen von Bauaufträgen der Deutschen Bahn AG für den Tiergartentunnel. Das Argument wird von der Idee bis zu seiner Verwendung im Streit um Ausschreibungspraktiken der DB-AG begleitet. Es wird davon ausgegangen, daß sich die Implementierung wissenschaftlichen Wissens als Institutionalisierung eines Grenzobjektes erfassen läßt. Es wird vermutet, daß das Objekt über fortlaufende Verknüpfungen von Repräsentationen und Praktiken zu einem institutionalisierten, tendenziell universell einsetzbarem Objekt wird. Repräsentationen sorgen in dieser Sicht dafür, daß das Objekt mit Legitimität und Autorität versehen wird, so daß es sich gegen Konkurrenz durchsetzen kann. Praktiken hingegen versehen das Objekt mit den, auf dem Weg zur Institutionalisierung nötigen Eigenschaften. Abschließend wird der Wert des Modells für die Wissenschaftssoziologie diskutiert.The center of Berlin is at present the largest construction site in Europe. Under enormous time pressure a vast number of organizations and construction companies are working together to create an entire new district in the center of the city. How can this be done in view of the fact that there is no one single organization to coordinate these activities? What role does science play here? The present paper is an analysis of a single case: the 'invention' of a legal argument used by the German railway company Deutsche Bahn AG in the context of invitations to tender for construction work on the Tiergarten tunnel. The author accompanies the juristic argument from its initial conception to its ultimate application in the dispute around Deutsche Bahn invitation practices. His underlying hypothesis is that the implementation of scientific knowledge can be described as the institutionalization of a boundary object. The author further assumes that through a continuous linking of representations and practices boundary objects develop from singular, prototypical objects to generalized, universally applicable objects. In this view, representations ensure that objects will have legitimacy and authority, so that they will have selective advantages over their competitors. Application in practice, on the other hand, predicate the object with those features that are necessary for it to become generalizable. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of this model for the sociology of sciences

Differential Expression of the Demosponge (Suberites domuncula) Carotenoid Oxygenases in Response to Light: Protection Mechanism Against the Self-Produced Toxic Protein (Suberitine)

The demosponge Suberites domuncula has been described to contain high levels of a proteinaceous toxin, Suberitine, that displays haemolytic activityIn the present study this 7–8 kDa polypeptide has been isolated and was shown to exhibit also cytotoxic effects on cells of the same species. Addition of retinal, a recently identified metabolite of β-carotene that is abundantly present in S. domuncula was found to reduce both the haemolytic and the cell toxic activity of Suberitine at a molar ratio of 1:1. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that the interaction between β-carotene and Suberitine can be ascribed to a reversible energy transfer reaction. The enzyme that synthesises retinal in the sponge system is the β,β-carotene-15,15′-dioxygenase [carotene dioxygenase]. In order to clarify if this enzyme is the only β-carotene-metabolizing enzyme a further oxygenase had been identified and cloned, the (related) carotenoid oxygenase. In contrast to the dioxygenase, the carotenoid oxygenase could not degrade β-carotene or lycopene in Escherichia coli strains that produced these two carotenoids; therefore it had been termed related-carotenoid oxygenase. Exposure of primmorphs to light of different wavelengths from the visible spectrum resulted after 3 days in a strong upregulation of the dioxygenase in those 3D-cell aggregates that had been incubated with β-carotene. The strongest effect is seen with blue light at a maximum around 490 nm. It is concluded that the toxin Suberitine is non-covalently modified by retinal, the cleavage product from β-carotene via the enzyme carotene dioxygenase, a light inducible oxygenase. Hence, this study highlights that in S. domuncula the bioactive metabolite, retinal, has the property to detoxify its homologous toxin

Viral infection prevents diabetes by inducing regulatory T cells through NKT cell–plasmacytoid dendritic cell interplay

iNKT cell and pDC cross talk prevents type 1 diabetes by inducing T reg cells in the pancreatic lymph node during viral infection

Structural insight into the membrane targeting domain of the Legionella deAMPylase SidD

AMPylation, the post-translational modification with adenosine monophosphate (AMP), is catalyzed by effector proteins from a variety of pathogens. Legionella pneumophila is thus far the only known pathogen that, in addition to encoding an AMPylase (SidM/DrrA), also encodes a deAMPylase, called SidD, that reverses SidM-mediated AMPylation of the vesicle transport GTPase Rab1. DeAMPylation is catalyzed by the N-terminal phosphatase-like domain of SidD. Here, we determined the crystal structure of full length SidD including the uncharacterized C-terminal domain (CTD). A flexible loop rich in aromatic residues within the CTD was required to target SidD to model membranes in vitro and to the Golgi apparatus within mammalian cells. Deletion of the loop (??loop) or substitution of its aromatic phenylalanine residues rendered SidD cytosolic, showing that the hydrophobic loop is the primary membrane-targeting determinant of SidD. Notably, deletion of the two terminal alpha helices resulted in a CTD variant incapable of discriminating between membranes of different composition. Moreover, a L. pneumophila strain producing SidD??loop phenocopied a L. pneumophila ??sidD strain during growth in mouse macrophages and displayed prolonged co-localization of AMPylated Rab1 with LCVs, thus revealing that membrane targeting of SidD via its CTD is a critical prerequisite for its ability to catalyze Rab1 deAMPylation during L. pneumophila infection

Do genetic factors protect for early onset lung cancer? A case control study before the age of 50 years

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Early onset lung cancer shows some familial aggregation, pointing to a genetic predisposition. This study was set up to investigate the role of candidate genes in the susceptibility to lung cancer patients younger than 51 years at diagnosis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>246 patients with a primary, histologically or cytologically confirmed neoplasm, recruited from 2000 to 2003 in major lung clinics across Germany, were matched to 223 unrelated healthy controls. 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes with reported associations to lung cancer have been genotyped.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Genetic associations or gene-smoking interactions was found for <it>GPX1(Pro200Leu) </it>and <it>EPHX1(His113Tyr)</it>. Carriers of the Leu-allele of <it>GPX1(Pro200Leu) </it>showed a significant risk reduction of OR = 0.6 (95% CI: 0.4–0.8, p = 0.002) in general and of OR = 0.3 (95% CI:0.1–0.8, p = 0.012) within heavy smokers. We could also find a risk decreasing genetic effect for His-carriers of <it>EPHX1(His113Tyr) </it>for moderate smokers (OR = 0.2, 95% CI:0.1–0.7, p = 0.012). Considered both variants together, a monotone decrease of the OR was found for smokers (OR of 0.20; 95% CI: 0.07–0.60) for each protective allele.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Smoking is the most important risk factor for young lung cancer patients. However, this study provides some support for the T-Allel of <it>GPX1(Pro200Leu) </it>and the C-Allele of <it>EPHX1(His113Tyr) </it>to play a protective role in early onset lung cancer susceptibility.</p

Mutations and Deregulation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR Cascades Which Alter Therapy Response

The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Certain components of these pathways, RAS, NF1, BRAF, MEK1, DUSP5, PP2A, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PIK3R4, PIK3R5, IRS4, AKT, NFKB1, MTOR, PTEN, TSC1, and TSC2 may also be activated/inactivated by mutations or epigenetic silencing. Upstream mutations in one signaling pathway or even in downstream components of the same pathway can alter the sensitivity of the cells to certain small molecule inhibitors. These pathways have profound effects on proliferative, apoptotic and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of components of these cascades can contribute to: resistance to other pathway inhibitors, chemotherapeutic drug resistance, premature aging as well as other diseases. This review will first describe these pathways and discuss how genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations can result in resistance to various inhibitors

Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo

High-tech Beton fuer den Potsdamer Platz zur Institutionalisierung eines Wissensobjektes

Available from UuStB Koeln(38)-981102612 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman