Arquitectura de comunicaciones de datos inalámbricas para sistemas C4ISR

[EN] The current command and control systems are based on wireless technologies such as TETRAPOL, TETRA, HF, VHF, satellite links, etc., despite providing a wide scope, usually have a very limited bandwidth. Because of these limitations they can only provide voice communications and data transmission at low speeds which could not completely reproduce the COP (Common Operational Picture) of a conflict or emergency. Communications on the battlefield are mainly wireless, only on a few trunks wired networks are used. Wireless data networks are considerably less robust, since generally they only provide a fraction of the transmission capacity of the wired counterparts, and also suffer problems due to interference and radio environment propagation effect which do not happen in wired networks. To combat these effects, wireless protocols typically send additional information for error correction, and may include some redundant transmission. In the military field, bandwidth it is really low and certain technologies do not allow the transmission of video information. The VHF and HF radio equipment widely used in armies around the world are a clear example. Therefore becomes latent the need to have a command and control system that allows information flows to and from troops in a quickly and reliable way. This thesis is framed in the development and practical evolution of a communications architecture for wireless networks C4ISR systems (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Information Surveillance and Reconnaissance), particularly for small units. Being a small unit one located at battalion hierarchical level or lower in the military, or an autonomous unit of intervention in the field of emergencies. In this thesis, it is described a communications architecture for SIMACOP (Which is a Spanish acronym for: SIstema de MAndo y Control de Pequeña Unidad), which is a C4ISR system based on COTS technology with capabilities for multimedia content distribution and sensor fusion. Major technological contributions in this context are: the cognitive cross-layer communications architecture proposed, the introduction of high quality video and audio streaming included in the communications architecture of the C4ISR system, detecting elements through GPS, merging data collected by various sensors deployed in the area of operations and integration of several wireless communication systems with different bandwidths. For example, VHF, HF, satellite communications, IEEE 802.11 and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16d), which builds the network at different levels of command that will be described in this thesis. The main objectives are to study and identify the needs in command and control at the level of tactical communications in both the civil and the military side, and raise a global communications architecture for C4ISR systems to establish multimedia communications over next generation IP-based mobile tactical networks, including video streaming to improve situational awareness (SA) at each level of the chain of command with a scheme of multi-resolution representation. This improvement of the SA will be tested in both civil and military fields.[ES] Los actuales sistemas de mando y control se basan en tecnologías inalámbricas como TETRAPOL, TETRA, HF, VHF, enlaces satelitales, etc., que a pesar de dar un amplio alcance, disponen de un ancho de banda muy limitado. Debido a estas limitaciones sólo se puede disponer de comunicaciones vocales y de transmisión de datos a velocidades bajas que no reproducen por completo el COP (Common Operacional Picture) de la situación de conflicto o emergencia. Las comunicaciones en el campo de batalla son principalmente inalámbricas, sólo en algunos enlaces troncales se utilizan redes cableadas. Las redes de datos inalámbricas son considerablemente menos robustas, ya que generalmente sólo tienen una fracción de la capacidad de transmisión de sus homólogas cableadas, y también sufren problemas debido a la interferencia y propagación del entorno radio efecto que en las redes cableadas no suceden. Para combatir estos efectos, los protocolos inalámbricos suelen enviar información adicional para la corrección de errores, y pueden incluir algún tipo de transmisión redundante. En el ámbito militar el ancho de banda es realmente bajo y ciertas tecnologías no permiten la transmisión de información de vídeo. Los equipos radio HF y VHF utilizados ampliamente en los ejércitos de todo el mundo son un claro ejemplo. Por lo tanto se hace latente la necesidad de disponer de un sistema de mando y control que permita proveer información desde y hacia las tropas de forma rápida y fiable. La presente tesis doctoral se enmarca en el desarrollo y evolución práctica de una arquitectura de comunicaciones de redes inalámbricas para sistemas C4ISR (Command Control, Computers and Communications Information Surveillance and Reconaissance), en particular los relativos a pequeñas unidades. Por pequeña unidad se entiende aquella que es de orden jerárquico menor o igual al de batallón en el ámbito militar o a una unidad autónoma de intervención en el ámbito de las emergencias. En la tesis doctoral se describe la arquitectura de comunicaciones de SIMACOP (SIstema de MAndo y COntrol de Pequeñas unidades), el cual es un sistema C4ISR basado en tecnología COTS con capacidades de distribución de contenidos multimedia y fusión sensorial. Las principales contribuciones tecnológicas en este marco son las siguientes: la arquitectura de comunicaciones cross-layer y cognitiva propuesta, la introducción de streaming de video y audio de alta calidad en la arquitectura de comunicaciones del sistema C4ISR, la detección de elementos a través de GPS, la fusión de datos recogida mediante distintos sensores desplegados en la zona de operaciones y la integración de diversos sistemas de comunicaciones inalámbricas con diversos anchos de banda. Por ejemplo, VHF, HF, comunicaciones satelitales, IEEE 802.11 y WiMAX (IEEE 802.16d), las cuales conforman la red a distintos niveles de mando que serán descritas en el presente trabajo. Los objetivos principales son estudiar e identificar las necesidades existentes en mando y control a nivel de comunicaciones tácticas, tanto en la vertiente civil como en la militar, y plantear una arquitectura de comunicaciones global para sistemas C4ISR que permita establecer comunicaciones multimedia a través redes móviles tácticas de nueva generación basadas en IP, incluyendo streaming de video para mejorar la conciencia situacional (SA) en cada nivel de la cadena de mando con un esquema de representación multi resolución. Esta mejora de la SA se probará tanto en el ámbito civil como en el militar.[CA] Els actuals sistemes de comandament i control es basen en tecnologies sense fils com TETRAPOL, TETRA, HF, VHF, enllaços satelitales, etc., que tot i donar un ampli abast, disposen d'un ample de banda molt limitat. A causa d'aquestes limitacions només es pot disposar de comunicacions vocals i de transmissió de dades a velocitats baixes que no reprodueixen per complet el COP (Common Operacional Picture) de la situació de conflicte o emergència. Les comunicacions en el camp de batalla són principalment sense fils, només en alguns enllaços troncals s'utilitzen xarxes cablejades. Les xarxes de dades sense fils són considerablement menys robustes, ja que generalment només tenen una fracció de la capacitat de transmissió de les seves homòlogues cablejades, i també pateixen problemes a causa de la interferència i propagació de l'entorn ràdio efecte que a les xarxes cablejades no succeeixen. Per combatre aquests efectes, els protocols sense fils solen enviar informació addicional per a la correcció d'errors, i poden incloure algun tipus de transmissió redundant. En l'àmbit militar l'ample de banda és realment baix i certes tecnologies no permeten la transmissió d'informació de vídeo. Els equips ràdio HF i VHF utilitzats àmpliament en els exèrcits de tot el món són un clar exemple. Per tant es fa latent la necessitat de disposar d'un sistema de comandament i control que permeti proveir informació des de i cap a les tropes de forma ràpida i fiable. La present tesi doctoral s'emmarca en el desenvolupament i evolució pràctica d'una arquitectura de comunicacions de xarxes sense fils per a sistemes C4ISR (Command Control, Computers and Communications Information Surveillance and Reconaissance), en particular els relatius a petites unitats. Per petita unitat s'entén aquella que és d'ordre jeràrquic menor o igual al de batalló en l'àmbit militar oa una unitat autònoma d'intervenció en l'àmbit de les emergències. En la tesi doctoral es descriu l'arquitectura de comunicacions de SIMACOP (sistema de comandament i control de Petites unitats), el qual és un sistema C4ISR basat en tecnologia COTS amb capacitats de distribució de continguts multimèdia i fusió sensorial. Les principals contribucions tecnològiques en aquest marc són les següents: l'arquitectura de comunicacions cross-layer i cognitiva proposta, la introducció de streaming de vídeo i àudio d'alta qualitat en l'arquitectura de comunicacions del sistema C4ISR, la detecció d'elements a través de GPS , la fusió de dades recollida mitjançant diferents sensors desplegats a la zona d'operacions i la integració de diversos sistemes de comunicacions sense fils amb diversos amples de banda. Per exemple, VHF, HF, comunicacions satelitales, IEEE 802.11 i WiMAX (IEEE 802.16d), les quals conformen la xarxa a diferents nivells de comandament que seran descrites en el present treball. Els objectius principals són estudiar i identificar les necessitats existents en comandament i control a nivell de comunicacions tàctiques, tant en el vessant civil com en la militar, i plantejar una arquitectura de comunicacions global per a sistemes C4ISR que permeti establir comunicacions multimèdia a través xarxes mòbils tàctiques de nova generació basades en IP, incloent streaming de vídeo per millorar la consciència situacional (SA) en cada nivell de la cadena de comandament amb un esquema de representació multi resolució. Aquesta millora de la SA es provarà tant en l'àmbit civil com en el militar.Hernández Blanco, LE. (2016). Arquitectura de comunicaciones de datos inalámbricas para sistemas C4ISR [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61458TESI

Association Between Preexisting Versus Newly Identified Atrial Fibrillation and Outcomes of Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) may exist before or occur early in the course of pulmonary embolism (PE). We determined the PE outcomes based on the presence and timing of AF. Methods and Results Using the data from a multicenter PE registry, we identified 3 groups: (1) those with preexisting AF, (2) patients with new AF within 2 days from acute PE (incident AF), and (3) patients without AF. We assessed the 90-day and 1-year risk of mortality and stroke in patients with AF, compared with those without AF (reference group). Among 16 497 patients with PE, 792 had preexisting AF. These patients had increased odds of 90-day all-cause (odds ratio [OR], 2.81; 95% CI, 2.33-3.38) and PE-related mortality (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.37-4.14) and increased 1-year hazard for ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 5.48; 95% CI, 3.10-9.69) compared with those without AF. After multivariable adjustment, preexisting AF was associated with significantly increased odds of all-cause mortality (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.57-2.32) but not PE-related mortality (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.85-2.66). Among 16 497 patients with PE, 445 developed new incident AF within 2 days of acute PE. Incident AF was associated with increased odds of 90-day all-cause (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.75-2.97) and PE-related (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.01-6.59) mortality but not stroke. Findings were similar in multivariable analyses. Conclusions In patients with acute symptomatic PE, both preexisting AF and incident AF predict adverse clinical outcomes. The type of adverse outcomes may differ depending on the timing of AF onset.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Measurement of the Splitting Function in &ITpp &ITand Pb-Pb Collisions at root&ITsNN&IT=5.02 TeV

Data from heavy ion collisions suggest that the evolution of a parton shower is modified by interactions with the color charges in the dense partonic medium created in these collisions, but it is not known where in the shower evolution the modifications occur. The momentum ratio of the two leading partons, resolved as subjets, provides information about the parton shower evolution. This substructure observable, known as the splitting function, reflects the process of a parton splitting into two other partons and has been measured for jets with transverse momentum between 140 and 500 GeV, in pp and PbPb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair. In central PbPb collisions, the splitting function indicates a more unbalanced momentum ratio, compared to peripheral PbPb and pp collisions.. The measurements are compared to various predictions from event generators and analytical calculations.Peer reviewe

Measurement of nuclear modification factors of gamma(1S)), gamma(2S), and gamma(3S) mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The cross sections for ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(3S) production in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV have been measured using the CMS detector at the LHC. The nuclear modification factors, RAA, derived from the PbPb-to-pp ratio of yields for each state, are studied as functions of meson rapidity and transverse momentum, as well as PbPb collision centrality. The yields of all three states are found to be significantly suppressed, and compatible with a sequential ordering of the suppression, RAA(ϒ(1S)) > RAA(ϒ(2S)) > RAA(ϒ(3S)). The suppression of ϒ(1S) is larger than that seen at √sNN = 2.76 TeV, although the two are compatible within uncertainties. The upper limit on the RAA of ϒ(3S) integrated over pT, rapidity and centrality is 0.096 at 95% confidence level, which is the strongest suppression observed for a quarkonium state in heavy ion collisions to date. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3.Peer reviewe

Electroweak production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions root s =13 TeV

A measurement of the electroweak (EW) production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented, based on data recorded in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The measurement is performed in the lljj final state with l including electrons and muons, and the jets j corresponding to the quarks produced in the hard interaction. The measured cross section in a kinematic region defined by invariant masses m(ll) > 50 GeV, m(jj) > 120 GeV, and transverse momenta P-Tj > 25 GeV is sigma(EW) (lljj) = 534 +/- 20 (stat) fb (syst) fb, in agreement with leading-order standard model predictions. The final state is also used to perform a search for anomalous trilinear gauge couplings. No evidence is found and limits on anomalous trilinear gauge couplings associated with dimension-six operators are given in the framework of an effective field theory. The corresponding 95% confidence level intervals are -2.6 <cwww/Lambda(2) <2.6 TeV-2 and -8.4 <cw/Lambda(2) <10.1 TeV-2. The additional jet activity of events in a signal-enriched region is also studied, and the measurements are in agreement with predictions.Peer reviewe

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

Peer reviewe

An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe

Bose-Einstein correlations of charged hadrons in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt s = 13 TeV

Bose-Einstein correlations of charged hadrons are measured over a broad multiplicity range, from a few particles up to about 250 reconstructed charged hadrons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. The results are based on data collected using the CMS detector at the LHC during runs with a special low-pileup configuration. Three analysis techniques with different degrees of dependence on simulations are used to remove the non-Bose-Einstein background from the correlation functions. All three methods give consistent results. The measured lengths of homogeneity are studied as functions of particle multiplicity as well as average pair transverse momentum and mass. The results are compared with data from both CMS and ATLAS at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV, as well as with theoretical predictions.[graphic not available: see fulltext]Bose-Einstein correlations of charged hadrons are measured over a broad multiplicity range, from a few particles up to about 250 reconstructed charged hadrons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV. The results are based on data collected using the CMS detector at the LHC during runs with a special low-pileup configuration. Three analysis techniques with different degrees of dependence on simulations are used to remove the non-Bose-Einstein background from the correlation functions. All three methods give consistent results. The measured lengths of homogeneity are studied as functions of particle multiplicity as well as average pair transverse momentum and mass. The results are compared with data from both CMS and ATLAS at $\sqrt{s} =$ 7 TeV, as well as with theoretical predictions

Search for dark matter in events with a leptoquark and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV

A search is presented for dark matter in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of root s= 13 TeV using events with at least one high transverse momentum (p(T)) muon, at least one high-p(T) jet, and large missing transverse momentum. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016 and 2017, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 77.4 fb(-1). In the examined scenario, a pair of scalar leptoquarks is assumed to be produced. One leptoquark decays to a muon and a jet while the other decays to dark matter and low-p(T) standard model particles. The signature for signal events would be significant missing transverse momentum from the dark matter in conjunction with a peak at the leptoquark mass in the invariant mass distribution of the highest p(T) muon and jet. The data are observed to be consistent with the background predicted by the standard model. For the first benchmark scenario considered, dark matter masses up to 500 GeV are excluded for leptoquark masses m(LQ) approximate to 1400 GeV, and up to 300 GeV for m(LQ) approximate to 1500 GeV. For the second benchmark scenario, dark matter masses up to 600 GeV are excluded for m(LQ) approximate to 1400 GeV. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe