Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Temporal profile of PM10 and associated health effects in one of the most polluted cities of the world (Ahvaz, Iran) between 2009 and 2014

Ahvaz, Iran ranks as the most polluted city of the world in terms of PM10 concentrations that lead to deleterious effects on its inhabitants. This study examines diurnal, weekly, monthly and annual fluctuations of PM10 between 2009 and 2014 in Ahvaz. Health effects of PM10 levels are also assessed using the World Health Organization AirQ software. Over the study period, the mean PM10 level in Ahvaz was 249.5 mu g m(-3), with maximum and minimum values in July (420.5 mu g m(-3)) and January (154.6 mu g m(-3)), respectively. The cumulative diurnal PM10 profile exhibits a dominant peak between 08:00-11:00 (local time) with the lowest levels in the afternoon hours. While weekend PM10 levels are not significantly reduced as compared to weekdays, an anthropogenic signature is instead observed diurnally on weekdays, which exhibit higher PM10 levels between 07:00-17:00 by an average amount of 14.2 mu g m(-3) as compared to weekend days. PMio has shown a steady mean-annual decline between 2009 (315.2 mu g m(-3)) and 2014 (143.5 mu g m(-3)). The AirQ model predicts that mortality was a health outcome for a total of 3777 individuals between 2009 and 2014 (i.e., 630 per year). The results of this study motivate more aggressive strategies in Ahvaz and similarly polluted desert cities to reduce the health effects of the enormous ambient aerosol concentrations. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Superfund Research Program, NIH, United States [2 P42 ES04940]Available online 20 August 2016; 24 Month Embargo.This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Trends in the Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and HIV Infections in Iranian Patients with Hereditary Bleeding Disorders

Background: Patients with hereditary bleeding disorders (HBDs) have always been vulnerable to transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections due to being regular recipients of blood and blood products. This study aimed to detect the trends in the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections by birthyear in Iranian patients with HBDs to show the efficacy of national interventions implemented to administrate control and to prevent these infections, i.e., blood safety, newborn HBV vaccination, and safe replacement treatments. Methods: In this retrospective study, the trends in the prevalence of hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), HCV antibody (HCV-Ab), and HIV antibody (HIV-Ab) in Iranian patients with HBDs born before 2012 were assessed using patients’ clinical archives. The determinants of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections were investigated in bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: Out of 1475 patients with HBDs, most were male (87.7%) and diagnosed with hemophilia A (52.1%) and severe bleeding disorder (63.7%). The prevalence of HBcAb, HCV-Ab, and confirmed HIV-Ab was 22.9%, 59.8%, and 1.2%, respectively. The trends in HBcAb, HCV-Ab, and HIV-Ab were all decreasing by birthyear and reached a stable level of 0% for patients with birthyears in 1999, 2000, and 1984, respectively. In multivariable analysis, birthyear was significantly associated with HBcAb prevalence. In the multivariable analysis, type of HBD; birthyear; bleeding severity; histories of receiving packed cells, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate before 1996; and history of receiving factor concentrate before 1997 were highly associated with the prevalence of HCV-Ab. Moreover, in the bivariable analysis, birthyear and type of HBD were associated with HIV-Ab prevalence. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the decreasing trends in HBV, HCV, and HIV seroprevalence in Iranian patients with HBDs following preventive interventions such as HBV vaccination, blood safety measures, and the provision of safe replacement treatments