Der deutsch-türkische Gegenwartsfilm im Genre-Vergleich

Mitte der 1950er Jahre beginnt die nach Deutschland einsetzende, auf arbeitsmarktpolitischen und ökonomischen Gründen basierende Gastarbeitermigration. Die sehr offensive Anwerbung fremdländischer Arbeiternehmer fällt in die Ära des Wiederaufbaus. Während diese Anwerbung in den ersten Jahren politisch unreglementiert stattfindet und die mögliche Auswirkung, dass diese Menschen vielleicht bleiben und nicht nur am Arbeits-, sondern auch am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilnehmen könnten, werden nicht angedacht. Versäumnisse in der Migrationspolitik, die damals noch mangels Weitblick unter das Ressort der Arbeitsmarktpolitik fiel, sind somit mit ausschlaggebend für die weitere Entwicklung in den Folgephasen dieser Politik. Die heutigen, nicht nur politischen, sondern auch kulturellen, sozialen, wirtschaftlichen wie gesellschaftlichen Probleme des nunmehrigen Einwanderungslandes Deutschland fußen bereits in der Zeit der Anwerbephase. Diese Entwicklung wird in einem ersten großen theoretischen Abriss ausführlich dargestellt. Parallel dazu wird die deutsche Filmgeschichte seit der Nachkriegszeit beleuchtet, die besonders in den ersten eineinhalb Jahrzehnten nach dem Krieg nicht in der Lage ist, sich zu erneuern. Während in anderen europäischen Ländern neue filmische Wege eingeschlagen werden, zum Beispiel über die französische „Nouvelle Vague“ oder den italienischen „Neorealismus“, bleibt das deutsche Kino bis auf nur wenige Ausnahmen in ihren „Verdrängungsfilmen“ einer Blut- und Bodenideologie verhaftet. Erst das „Oberhausener Manifest“ Anfang der 1960er Jahre läutet die Abkehr von diesen Filmen ein und schafft Impulse für einen neuen Spielfilm. In den 1980er Jahren schlittert das Kino erneut in eine Krise der Bedeutungslosigkeit, das gegenwärtige deutsche Filmschaffen hat es hingegen erreicht, mit einigen Produktionen auch international wieder Anerkennung zu erlangen. Nicht ausschließlich, aber doch augenfällig sind dafür unter anderem die Kinder der ehemaligen Gastarbeiter verantwortlich. Stellte Anfang der 1970er Jahre Rainer Werner Fassbinder als einer der ersten das Schicksal von Einwanderern ins Zentrum einer filmischen Handlung, so ist es heute die zweite oder dritte Generation von Migranten, die abseits von einem „Betroffenheitskino“ aus einer völlig anderen Sicht heraus Geschichten erzählen, die sich von der Masse abheben und das deutsche Filmschaffen maßgeblich positiv befruchten. Wenngleich es sich beim Begriff des „deutsch-türkischen Kinos“ nach wie vor um einen Hilfsterminus handelt, kann diese als eine der dominantesten und auch international bedeutsamsten Strömungen des deutschen Gegenwartskinos betrachtet werden. Im empirischen Teil wird mittels Filmanalyse herausgearbeitet, wie in den unterschiedlichen Genres Melodram, Komödie und Dokumentarfilm inter- bzw. transkulturelle Motive im deutsch-türkischen Film verarbeitet werden. Neben dem Blick auf die dramaturgischen wie gestalterischen Merkmale stehen besonders die handlungsleitenden Themen und die Zeichnung der Figuren im Erkenntnisinteresse wie auch ihre Repräsentation im real gesellschaftspolitischen Kontext.The migration of foreign workers to Germany started in the mid 1950s and was due to the economic situation and labour market of this era of reconstruction. Germany tried to recruit foreign employees offensively, the procedure of which remained uncontrolled from a political point of view in the first years. The option that foreigners could not only participate in working life, but also become part of social life was not considered. The shortcomings in migration politics, which were due to a lack of vision, were most influential for the development of this political style in the following periods. Today’s political, cultural, social and economic problems of Germany, country of immigration, already began in this period of recruitment. The development of these problems will be outlined in the first part of this thesis. At the same time the history of German film since the Second World War will be investigated. While in other European countries film developed in new ways such as “Nouvelle Vague” in France or “Neorealism” in Italy, German film resisted change in the first one and a half decades and remained, with few exceptions, attracted to films with an easy theme and a simple, conservative, slightly propagandist structure. It was not until the beginning of the 1960s and the “Oberhausen Manifesto” when German cinema experienced new impulses for a new feature film. While German cinema went through a period of insignificance again in the 1980s, contemporary German film managed to regain recognition also internationally with some productions. Although not exclusively, major responsibility for this success can be accredited to the children of former foreign workers. In the early 1970s it was Rainer Werner Fassbinder who was one of the first to portray the fate of migrants in films. Today it is the second and third generation of migrants who tell stories from totally different points of view not focusing on their sad destinies. This had a positive influence on German film production. Even if the expression “German-Turkish” cinema can only be considered as terminology to be improved, this current trend has become one of the most dominant and internationally relevant movements of contemporary German cinema. In the empirical part of this thesis it will be analysed how inter-and cross-cultural themes are used in German-Turkish films of the genres melodrama, comedy and documentary. The main themes, the portrayal of the central characters and their representation in a real socio-political context as well as the dramaturgical and artistic features will be investigated in a film analysis

Erratum: Sequence data and association statistics from 12,940 type 2 diabetes cases and controls.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.179

The profile of executive function in OCD hoarders and hoarding disorder

Hoarding disorder is a new mental disorder in DSM-5. It is classified alongside OCD and other presumably related disorders in the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders chapter. We examined cognitive performance in two distinct groups comprising individuals with both OCD and severe hoarding, and individuals with hoarding disorder without comorbid OCD. Participants completed executive function tasks assessing inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, spatial planning, probabilistic learning and reversal and decision making. Compared to a matched healthy control group, OCD hoarders showed significantly worse performance on measures of response inhibition, set shifting, spatial planning, probabilistic learning and reversal, with intact decision making. Despite having a strikingly different clinical presentation, individuals with only hoarding disorder did not differ significantly from OCD hoarders on any cognitive measure suggesting the two hoarding groups have a similar pattern of cognitive difficulties. Tests of cognitive flexibility were least similar across the groups, but differences were small and potentially reflected subtle variation in underlying brain pathology together with psychometric limitations. These results highlight both commonalities and potential differences between OCD and hoarding disorder, and together with other lines of evidence, support the inclusion of the new disorder within the new Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders chapter in DSM-5

Does the sole description of a tax authority affect tax evasion? The impact of described coercive and legitimate power.

Following the classic economic model of tax evasion, taxpayers base their tax decisions on economic determinants, like fine rate and audit probability. Empirical findings on the relationship between economic key determinants and tax evasion are inconsistent and suggest that taxpayers may rather rely on their beliefs about tax authority’s power. Descriptions of the tax authority’s power may affect taxpayers’ beliefs and as such tax evasion. Experiment 1 investigates the impact of fines and beliefs regarding tax authority’s power on tax evasion. Experiments 2-4 are conducted to examine the effect of varying descriptions about a tax authority’s power on participants’ beliefs and respective tax evasion. It is investigated whether tax evasion is influenced by the description of an authority wielding coercive power (Experiment 2), legitimate power (Experiment 3), and coercive and legitimate power combined (Experiment 4). Further, it is examined whether a contrast of the description of power (low to high power; high to low power) impacts tax evasion (Experiments 2-4). Results show that the amount of fine does not impact tax payments, whereas participants’ beliefs regarding tax authority’s power significantly shape compliance decisions. Descriptions of high coercive power as well as high legitimate power affect beliefs about tax authority’s power and positively impact tax honesty. This effect still holds if both qualities of power are applied simultaneously. The contrast of descriptions has little impact on tax evasion. The current study indicates that descriptions of the tax authority, e.g., in information brochures and media reports, have more influence on beliefs and tax payments than information on fine rates. Methodically, these considerations become particularly important when descriptions or vignettes are used besides objective information

Effects of the TLR2 Agonists MALP-2 and Pam3Cys in Isolated Mouse Lungs

Background: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are main causes of pneumonia or acute lung injury. They are recognized by the innate immune system via toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) or TLR4, respectively. Among all organs, the lungs have the highest expression of TLR2 receptors, but little is known about the pulmonary consequences of their activation. Here we studied the effects of the TLR2/6 agonist MALP-2, the TLR2/1 agonist Pam 3Cys and the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on pro-inflammatory responses in isolated lungs. Methodology/Principal Findings: Isolated perfused mouse lungs were perfused for 60 min or 180 min with MALP-2 (25 ng/ mL), Pam3Cys (160 ng/mL) or LPS (1 mg/mL). We studied mediator release by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT/protein kinase B by immunoblotting, and gene induction by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. All agonists activated the MAPK ERK1/2 and p38, but neither JNK or AKT kinase. The TLR ligands upregulated the inflammation related genes Tnf, Il1b, Il6, Il10, Il12, Ifng, Cxcl2 (MIP-2a) and Ptgs2. MALP-2 was more potent than Pam 3Cys in inducing Slpi, Cxcl10 (IP10) and Parg. Remarkable was the strong induction of Tnc by MALP2, which was not seen with Pam 3Cys or LPS. The growth factor related genes Areg and Hbegf were not affected. In addition, all three TLR agonists stimulated the release of IL-6, TNF, CXCL2 and CXCL10 protein from the lungs

The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes

The genetic architecture of common traits, including the number, frequency, and effect sizes of inherited variants that contribute to individual risk, has been long debated. Genome-wide association studies have identified scores of common variants associated with type 2 diabetes, but in aggregate, these explain only a fraction of heritability. To test the hypothesis that lower-frequency variants explain much of the remainder, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia performed whole genome sequencing in 2,657 Europeans with and without diabetes, and exome sequencing in a total of 12,940 subjects from five ancestral groups. To increase statistical power, we expanded sample size via genotyping and imputation in a further 111,548 subjects. Variants associated with type 2 diabetes after sequencing were overwhelmingly common and most fell within regions previously identified by genome-wide association studies. Comprehensive enumeration of sequence variation is necessary to identify functional alleles that provide important clues to disease pathophysiology, but large-scale sequencing does not support a major role for lower-frequency variants in predisposition to type 2 diabetes

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio