Modelado de un Reactor Tubular Horizontal con Condensación, en Estado Estacionario

Se propone una alternativa de modelado de un reactor tubular horizontal de carcasa y tubo, donde la alimentación es completamente gaseosa. Durante el enfriamiento de esta corriente gaseosa, el reactor se modeló como un PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) con servicio de enfriamiento en contracorriente, verificando la disminución de la temperatura con respecto al punto rocío de la mezcla, de modo que permita detectar la sección donde comienza la condensación. A partir de la formación de la fase líquida, la corriente de proceso avanza con un frente bifásico L–V en equilibrio y con reacciones químicas en ambas fases. Una secuencia de múltiples CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor) en serie con enfriamiento y en estado estacionario, se propone como modelado del condensador en la etapa de flujo bifásico. La aplicación de este modelo a un equipo de similares características, involucrado en el proceso de producción de ácido nítrico que dispone una empresa en Argentina, permitió la validación del modelado que se propone, a través de la constatación de los valores establecidos por el proveedor de su tecnología. El modelo propuesto predice satisfactoriamente las corrientes resultantes de una operación con las características descriptas

Factores cr?ticos de ?xito para la implementaci?n de un modelo de prevenci?n en el marco de la Ley 30424

La Tesis establece los factores cr?ticos de ?xito (FCE) a considerar para la implementaci?n del modelo de prevenci?n previsto en la Ley N? 30424 al interior de una organizaci?n. La investigaci?n se bas? en la utilizaci?n del m?todo del benchmarking frente a las normativas aplicables en Estados Unidos, Colombia, Brasil y Chile, an?lisis de casos relevantes de empresas nacionales y extranjeras y la realizaci?n de entrevistas a expertos en materia de cumplimiento. La investigaci?n arroj? un listado priorizado de cinco FCE, respecto de los cuales se describi? su contenido ideal y su orden de prioridad: 1) Compromiso de los l?deres de la organizaci?n 2) Identificaci?n de Riesgos 3) Difusi?n adecuada del Modelo de Prevenci?n (Capacitaci?n) 4) Rol y perfil adecuado del Encargado de Prevenci?n y su equipo y 5) Canales de comunicaci?n y l?nea de denuncia efectivos. Las conclusiones plantean que sin la presencia de dichos FCE, un modelo de prevenci?n dif?cilmente puede ser implementado de modo exitoso y que la adecuada implementaci?n de un modelo de prevenci?n debe ser entendido como una inversi?n necesaria y no un gasto

The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data

This paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar) accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) survey which publicly releases infra-red spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the sub-survey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) sub-survey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated Value Added Catalogs (VACs). This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), Local Volume Mapper (LVM) and Black Hole Mapper (BHM) surveys

The Fifteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release of MaNGA-derived Quantities, Data Visualization Tools, and Stellar Library

Twenty years have passed since first light for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Here, we release data taken by the fourth phase of SDSS (SDSS-IV) across its first three years of operation (2014 July–2017 July). This is the third data release for SDSS-IV, and the 15th from SDSS (Data Release Fifteen; DR15). New data come from MaNGA—we release 4824 data cubes, as well as the first stellar spectra in the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar), the first set of survey-supported analysis products (e.g., stellar and gas kinematics, emission-line and other maps) from the MaNGA Data Analysis Pipeline, and a new data visualization and access tool we call "Marvin." The next data release, DR16, will include new data from both APOGEE-2 and eBOSS; those surveys release no new data here, but we document updates and corrections to their data processing pipelines. The release is cumulative; it also includes the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since first light. In this paper, we describe the location and format of the data and tools and cite technical references describing how it was obtained and processed. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has also been updated, providing links to data downloads, tutorials, and examples of data use. Although SDSS-IV will continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V (2020–2025), we end this paper by describing plans to ensure the sustainability of the SDSS data archive for many years beyond the collection of data

The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra

This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17)

The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra

This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17)

The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys : First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra

This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17).Peer reviewe

Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.</p

Modelado de un Reactor Tubular Horizontal con Condensación, en Estado Estacionario: Aplicación a un proceso de producción de ácido nítrico.

An alternative of modeling of a horizontal shell and tube reactor with completely gaseous feed was proposed. During the cooling of the gaseous stream, the reactor was modeled as a PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) with countercurrent cooling service; verifying the decrease in temperature as regards the dew point of the mixture so it would allow to detect the section where condensation begins. When the liquid phase has been formed, the process stream advances as plug flow biphasic L-V in equilibrium with chemical reactions in both phases. Then, it was proposed as a sequence of multiple CSTRs (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors) in series in steady-state with cooling to model the two-phase-flow stage into condenser.This model, applied to similar characteristics equipment involved in the nitric acid production process of a company in Argentina, has allowed the modeling validation proposed, through the values established by the technology provider for its comparison. The proposed model predicts the stream resulting from an operation with similar characteristics described successfully.Se propone una alternativa de modelado de un reactor tubular horizontal de carcasa y tubo, donde la alimentación es completamente gaseosa. Durante el enfriamiento de esta corriente gaseosa, el reactor se modeló como un PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) con servicio de enfriamiento en contracorriente, verificando la disminución de la temperatura con respecto al punto rocío de la mezcla, de modo que permita detectar la sección donde comienza la condensación. A partir de la formación de la fase líquida, la corriente de proceso avanza con un frente bifásico L–V en equilibrio y con reacciones químicas en ambas fases. Una secuencia de múltiples CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor) en serie con enfriamiento y en estado estacionario, se propone como modelado del condensador en la etapa de flujo bifásico.La aplicación de este modelo a un equipo de similares características, involucrado en el proceso de producción de ácido nítrico que dispone una empresa en Argentina, permitió la validación del modelado que se propone, a través de la constatación de los valores establecidos por el proveedor de su tecnología. El modelo propuesto predice satisfactoriamente las corrientes resultantes de una operación con las características descriptas

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field