Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for anomalous production of events with three or more leptons in pp collisions at √s = 8TeV

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published articles title, journal citation, and DOI.A search for physics beyond the standard model in events with at least three leptons is presented. The data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5fb-1 of proton-proton collisions with center-of-mass energy s=8TeV, was collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC during 2012. The data are divided into exclusive categories based on the number of leptons and their flavor, the presence or absence of an opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pair (OSSF), the invariant mass of the OSSF pair, the presence or absence of a tagged bottom-quark jet, the number of identified hadronically decaying τ leptons, and the magnitude of the missing transverse energy and of the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta. The numbers of observed events are found to be consistent with the expected numbers from standard model processes, and limits are placed on new-physics scenarios that yield multilepton final states. In particular, scenarios that predict Higgs boson production in the context of supersymmetric decay chains are examined. We also place a 95% confidence level upper limit of 1.3% on the branching fraction for the decay of a top quark to a charm quark and a Higgs boson (t→cH), which translates to a bound on the left- and right-handed top-charm flavor-violating Higgs Yukawa couplings, λtcH and λctH, respectively, of |λtcH|2+|λctH|2<0.21

Measurement of associated W plus charm production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

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Níveis de lisina para leitoas selecionadas geneticamente para deposição de carne magra, dos 60 aos 95 kg

Foram utilizadas 50 leitoas mestiças (Hampshire, Landrace Belga, Pietran) com peso inicial médio de 60,23±0,49 kg e alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na carcaça, para avaliar diferentes níveis de lisina. Foi usado delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos corresponderam a uma ração basal com 15,8% de proteína bruta, suplementada com cinco níveis de L-lisina HCl, resultando em rações com 0,75; 0,85; 0,95; 1,05; e 1,15% de lisina. Não se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre consumo de ração e ganho de peso diário, entretanto, o consumo de lisina diário elevou-se de forma linear com o aumento do nível de lisina da ração. Houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de lisina sobre a conversão alimentar e o teor de uréia no soro sangüíneo, que reduziram até o nível de 1,00% de lisina ou 0,302% /Mcal de ED, o que correspondeu a um consumo estimado de lisina de 23,90 g/dia. Não se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre a porcentagem de água e proteína e taxa de deposição de proteína na carcaça, entretanto, a porcentagem e a taxa de deposição de gordura diminuíram de maneira linear. Concluiu-se que leitoas com alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra, dos 60 aos 95 kg de peso vivo, requerem 1,00% de lisina (0,302%/Mcal de ED) e 0,90% (0,272%/Mcal de ED) de lisina digestível verdadeira, para máximo desempenho, o que corresponde a consumo diário de lisina total e digestível de 23,9 e 21,5 g, respectivamente

Níveis de Lisina para leitoas selecionadas geneticamente para deposição de carne magra, dos 60 aos 95 kg

Foram utilizadas 50 leitoas mestiças (Hampshire, Landrace Belga, Pietran) com peso inicial médio de 60,23±0,49 kg e alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na carcaça, para avaliar diferentes níveis de lisina. Foi usado delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos corresponderam a uma ração basal com 15,8% de proteína bruta, suplementada com cinco níveis de L-lisina HCl, resultando em rações com 0,75; 0,85; 0,95; 1,05; e 1,15% de lisina. Não se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre consumo de ração e ganho de peso diário, entretanto, o consumo de lisina diário elevou-se de forma linear com o aumento do nível de lisina da ração. Houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de lisina sobre a conversão alimentar e o teor de uréia no soro sangüíneo, que reduziram até o nível de 1,00% de lisina ou 0,302% /Mcal de ED, o que correspondeu a um consumo estimado de lisina de 23,90 g/dia. Não se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre a porcentagem de água e proteína e taxa de deposição de proteína na carcaça, entretanto, a porcentagem e a taxa de deposição de gordura diminuíram de maneira linear. Concluiu-se que leitoas com alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra, dos 60 aos 95 kg de peso vivo, requerem 1,00% de lisina (0,302%/Mcal de ED) e 0,90% (0,272%/Mcal de ED) de lisina digestível verdadeira, para máximo desempenho, o que corresponde a consumo diário de lisina total e digestível de 23,9 e 21,5 g, respectivamente.Fifty gilts crossbreed (Hampshire, Belgium Landrace, Pietran), with initial average weight of 60.23±0.49 kg and high genetic potential for lean meat deposition, were used to evaluate different lysine levels. A randomized blocks design, with five treatments, five replicates and two animals per experimental unit, was used. The treatments corresponded to a basal diet with 15.8% crude protein, supplemented with five levels of HCl-L-Lisine, resulting in diets with 0.75, 0.85, 0.95, 1.05, and 1.15% of lysine. There was no effect of treatments on daily weight gain and daily feed intake, however daily lysine intake linearly increased was the dietary lysine level increased. There was quadract effect of lysine levels on feed:gain ratio and on serum urea concentration, that increased up to the lysine level of 1.00% or 0.302%/Mcal of DE, corresponding to a estimate lysine intake of 23.9 g/day. There was no effect of treatments on protein and water percent, and protein deposition in carcass, however, the percentage of fat and fat deposition rate linearly decreased. The gilts with high genetic potential for lean meat deposition, from 60 to 95 kg, had requirement of 1.00% (.302%/Mcal of DE) or .90% ( .272%/Mcal of DE) of true digestible lysine, corresponding to total and digestible lysine intake of 23.90 and 21.50 g/day, respectively, for maximum performance

Measurement of the tt¯ production cross section in the dilepton channel in pp collisions at s√ = 8 TeV

The top-antitop quark ( tt¯ ) production cross section is measured in proton-proton collisions at s√ = 8 TeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC, using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.3 fb−1. The measurement is performed by analysing events with a pair of electrons or muons, or one electron and one muon, and at least two jets, one of which is identified as originating from hadronisation of a bottom quark. The measured cross section is 239 ± 2 (stat.) ± 11 (syst.) ± 6 (lum.) pb, for an assumed top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV, in agreement with the prediction of the standard model