95 research outputs found
Alcohol marketing in the Americas and Spain during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournament
Background and aims To identify the nature of visual alcohol references in alcohol advertisements during televised broadcasts of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournament matches and to evaluate cross-national differences according to alcohol marketing policy restrictiveness. Design Content analysis using the Delphi method and identification of in-game sponsorships. Setting Television broadcasts of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Mexico, Spain and the United States. Cases Eighty-seven alcohol advertisements20 matches. Measurements Quantitative rating scales, combined with the Delphi rating technique, were used to determine compliance of the alcohol advertisements with the International Alliance for Responsible Drinking's (IARD) Guiding Principles. Recordings of five matches from four countries were also used to identify the number of in-and out-of-game alcohol brand appearances. Findings A total of 86.2% of all unique alcohol advertisements contained at least one violation of IARD's Guiding Principles, with violation rates ranging from 72.7% (Mexico) to 100% (Brazil). Countries with the least restrictive marketing policies had a higher prevalence of violations in guidelines designed to protect minors. There were 2.76 in-game alcohol brand appearances and 0.83 out-of-game alcohol brand appearances per minute. Brand appearances did not differ across countries or according to a country's marketing policy restrictiveness. Conclusions Self-regulation and statutory policies were ineffective at limiting alcohol advertising during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournament television broadcasts. Most advertisements contained content that violated the self-regulation codes, and there were high levels of within broadcast brand appearances.Pan American Health OrganizationAlcohol Research UKInstitute of Alcohol StudiesUniv Connecticut, Sch Med, Dept Community Med & Hlth Care, Farmington, CT USAUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psychiat, Sao Paulo, BrazilPan Amer Hlth Org, Alcohol & Subst Abuse, Washington, DC USADepartment of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de SĂŁo Paulo (UNIFESP), SĂŁo Paulo, BrazilPAHO: SC-14-02239Web of Scienc
Integrated specific star formation rates of galaxies, groups, and clusters: A continuous upper limit with stellar mass?
Aims: We investigate the build-up of stellar mass through star formation in
field galaxies, galaxy groups, and clusters in order to better understand the
physical processes regulating star formation in different haloes.
Methods: In order to do so we relate ongoing star formation activity to the
stellar mass by studying the integrated specific star formation rate (SSFR),
defined as the star-formation rate per unit stellar mass, as a function of
integrated stellar mass for samples of field galaxies, groups of galaxies, and
galaxy clusters at 0.18 < z < 0.85. The star formation rate (SFR) is derived
from the ultraviolet continuum for the galaxies and group members, and from
emission line fluxes for the cluster galaxies. The stellar masses are computed
from multi-band photometry including the near-infrared bands for the galaxies
and groups, and from the dynamical mass for the cluster sample.
Results: For the first time, integrated SSFRs for clusters and groups are
presented and related to the SSFRs of field galaxies. Tentatively, we find a
continuous upper limit for galaxies, groups, and clusters in the SSFR-stellar
mass plane over seven orders of magnitude in stellar mass. This might indicate
that the physical processes which control star formation in dark matter haloes
of different mass have the same scaling with mass over a wide range of masses
from dwarf galaxies to massive clusters of galaxies.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A Letters; 4 pages, 1 figur
GMASS ultradeep spectroscopy of galaxies at z~2 - VII. Sample selection and spectroscopy
The populations of both quiescent and actively star-forming galaxies at 1<z<2
are still under-represented in our spectroscopic census of galaxies throughout
the history of the Universe. In the light of galaxy formation models, however,
the evolution of galaxies at these redshifts is of pivotal importance and
merits further investigation. We therefore designed a spectroscopic observing
campaign of a sample of both massive, quiescent and star-forming galaxies at
z>1.4, called Galaxy Mass Assembly ultra-deep Spectroscopic Survey (GMASS). To
determine redshifts and physical properties, such as metallicity, dust content,
dynamical masses, and star formation history, we performed ultra-deep
spectroscopy with the red-sensitive optical spectrograph FORS2 at the VLT. Our
sample consists of objects, within the CDFS/GOODS area, detected at 4.5 micron,
to be sensitive to stellar mass rather than star formation intensity. The
spectroscopic targets were selected with a photometric redshift constraint
(z>1.4) and magnitude constraints (B(AB)<26, I(AB)<26.5), which should ensure
that these are faint, distant, and fairly massive galaxies. We present the
sample selection, survey design, observations, data reduction, and
spectroscopic redshifts. Up to 30 hours of spectroscopy of 174 spectroscopic
targets and 70 additional objects enabled us to determine 210 redshifts, of
which 145 are at z>1.4. From the redshifts and photometry, we deduce that the
BzK selection criteria are efficient (82%) and suffer low contamination (11%).
Several papers based on the GMASS survey show its value for studies of galaxy
formation and evolution. We publicly release the redshifts and reduced spectra.
In combination with existing and on-going additional observations in
CDFS/GOODS, this data set provides a legacy for future studies of distant
galaxies.Comment: Accepted by A&A in August 2012, 45 pages, public release of reduced
spectra currently on www.mpe.mpg.de/~kurk/gmas
Strong size evolution of the most massive galaxies since z~2
Using the combined capabilities of the large near-infrared Palomar/DEEP-2
survey, and the superb resolution of the ACS HST camera, we explore the size
evolution of 831 very massive galaxies (M*>10^{11}h_{70}^{-2}M_sun) since z~2.
We split our sample according to their light concentration using the Sersic
index n. At a given stellar mass, both low (n2.5)
concentrated objects were much smaller in the past than their local massive
counterparts. This evolution is particularly strong for the highly concentrated
(spheroid-like) objects. At z~1.5, massive spheroid-like objects were a factor
of 4(+-0.4) smaller (i.e. almost two orders of magnitudes denser) than those we
see today. These small sized, high mass galaxies do not exist in the nearby
Universe, suggesting that this population merged with other galaxies over
several billion years to form the largest galaxies we see today.Comment: MNRAS in press, 13 pages, 11 figures. Data Table will be published in
its integrity in the MNRAS online versio
The Many Manifestations of Downsizing: Hierarchical Galaxy Formation Models confront Observations
[abridged] It has been widely claimed that several lines of observational
evidence point towards a "downsizing" (DS) of the process of galaxy formation
over cosmic time. This behavior is sometimes termed "anti-hierarchical", and
contrasted with the "bottom-up" assembly of the dark matter structures in Cold
Dark Matter models. In this paper we address three different kinds of
observational evidence that have been described as DS: the stellar mass
assembly, star formation rate and the ages of the stellar populations in local
galaxies. We compare a broad compilation of available data-sets with the
predictions of three different semi-analytic models of galaxy formation within
the Lambda-CDM framework. In the data, we see only weak evidence at best of DS
in stellar mass and in star formation rate. We find that, when observational
errors on stellar mass and SFR are taken into account, the models acceptably
reproduce the evolution of massive galaxies, over the entire redshift range
that we consider. However, lower mass galaxies are formed too early in the
models and are too passive at late times. Thus, the models do not correctly
reproduce the DS trend in stellar mass or the archaeological DS, while they
qualitatively reproduce the mass-dependent evolution of the SFR. We demonstrate
that these discrepancies are not solely due to a poor treatment of satellite
galaxies but are mainly connected to the excessively efficient formation of
central galaxies in high-redshift haloes with circular velocities ~100-200
km/s. [abridged]Comment: MNRAS accepted, 16 pages, 10 figure
The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey: Tracing the galaxy stellar mass assembly history over the last 8Gyr
We selected a mass-limited sample of 4048 objects from the VIMOS VLT Deep
Survey in the redshift interval 0.5<z<1.3. We used the amplitude of the 4000
Balmer break (Dn4000) to separate the galaxy population and the EW[OII]3727
line as proxy for the star formation activity. We discuss to what extent
stellar mass drives galaxy evolution, showing for the first time the interplay
between stellar ages and stellar masses over the past 8Gyr. Low-mass galaxies
have small Dn4000 and at increasing stellar mass, the galaxy distribution moves
to higher Dn4000 values as observed in the local Universe. As cosmic time goes
by, we witness an increasing abundance of massive spectroscopically ET systems
at the expense of the LT systems. This spectral transformation is a process
started at early epochs and continuing efficiently down to the local Universe.
This is confirmed by the evolution of our type-dependent stellar mass function.
The underlying stellar ages of LT galaxies apparently do not show evolution,
likely as a result of a continuous formation of new stars. All star formation
activity indicators consistently point towards a star formation history peaked
in the past for massive galaxies, with little or no residual star formation
taking place in the most recent epochs. The activity and efficiency of forming
stars are mechanisms that depend on stellar mass, and the mass assembly becomes
progressively less efficient in massive systems as time elapses. The concepts
of star formation downsizing and mass assembly downsizing describe a single
scenario that has a top-down evolutionary pattern. The role of (dry) merging
events seems to be only marginal at z<1.3, as our estimated efficiency in
stellar mass assembly can possibly account for the progressive accumulation of
passively evolving galaxies.Comment: Accepted for pubblication in A&A, 14 pages, 5 figure
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