The Evaluation of a Soft Skills Curriculum in Athletic Training Education: A Mixed Methods Study

Athletic Training Education Competencies (2011) include exhibiting empathy and compassion as foundational behaviors of practice. Despite evidence supporting the importance of compassionate care, there is currently evidence to suggest that healthcare is experiencing a compassion crisis (Patel et al., 2019). The purpose of this study was to investigate the ways pre-professional athletic training students’ transfer knowledge from a soft skills curriculum to clinical practice. This study utilized an explanatory sequential mixed method design with a preliminary quantitative input (Morgan, 2014). Phase 1 of the study includes participants (n=19) enrolled in a pre-professional AT course. The quantitative questionnaires utilized are; the Jefferson Empathy Scale-HPS (Fields, 2011) and the Compassion Scale (Pommier & Neff, 2019). A repeated measures ANOVA calculated the students’ empathy and compassion composite at three timepoints. The results revealed statistical significance within the students’ development of empathy and the compassion construct of kindness. Phase 2 included the same participants, now entry-level master students, in an AT program. Participants completed bi-weekly reflection logs describing empathy and compassion occurrence during their clinical experience. Reflection logs were coded with a constant comparative analysis. The embedded Phase 2 included four (n=4) semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that students applied empathy by connecting with their patients through lived experiences and the ability to stay out of judgement when listening to patients. The students described using compassion by reassuring their patients that they were not going to endure their injury alone and that a support system is in place

The Evaluation of a Soft Skills Curriculum in Athletic Training Education: A Mixed Methods Study

Purpose: Athletic Training Education Competencies (2011) include exhibiting empathy and compassion as foundational behaviors of practice. Despite abundant evidence supporting the importance of compassionate patient care, there is currently evidence to suggest that healthcare is experiencing a compassion crisis (Patel et al., 2019). The purpose of this study was to investigate the ways in which pre-professional athletic training students’ transfer knowledge from a soft skills curriculum to clinical practice. Methods: This study utilized an explanatory sequential mixed method design with a preliminary quantitative input (Morgan, 2014). Phase 1 of the study includes participants (n=19) enrolled in a pre-professional AT course. The quantitative questionnaires utilized are the Jefferson Empathy Scale-HPS (Fields, 2011) and the Compassion Scale (Pommier & Neff, 2019). Phase 2 included the same participants now in an MS AT program. Participants completed bi-weekly reflection logs describing empathy and compassion occurrence during their clinical experience. Reflection logs were coded with a constant comparative analysis. The embedded Phase 2 included four (n=4) semi-structured interviews. Outcomes: A repeated measures ANOVA calculated the student’s empathy and compassion composite at three time points. The results revealed statistical significance within the students’ development of empathy and the compassion construct of kindness. The results revealed that students applied empathy by connecting with their patients through lived experiences and the ability to stay out of judgement when listening to patients. The students described using compassion by reassuring their patients that they were not going to endure their injury alone and that a support system is in place

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Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

Report from the Annual Conference of the British Society of Echocardiography, November 2017, Edinburgh International Conference Centre, Edinburgh

No abstract available

Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2–15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76–1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke