The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. I. Identifying and Characterizing the Protostellar Content of the OMC-2 FIR4 and OMC-2 FIR3 Regions

We present ALMA (0.87~mm) and VLA (9~mm) observations toward OMC2-FIR4 and OMC2-FIR3 within the Orion integral-shaped filament that are thought to be the nearest regions of intermediate mass star formation. We characterize the continuum sources within these regions on $\sim$40~AU (0\farcs1) scales and associated molecular line emission at a factor of $\sim$30 better resolution than previous observations at similar wavelengths. We identify six compact continuum sources within OMC2-FIR4, four in OMC2-FIR3, and one additional source just outside OMC2-FIR4. This continuum emission is tracing the inner envelope and/or disk emission on less than 100~AU scales. HOPS-108 is the only protostar in OMC2-FIR4 that exhibits emission from high-excitation transitions of complex organic molecules (e.g., methanol and other lines) coincident with the continuum emission. HOPS-370 in OMC2-FIR3 with L~$\sim$~360~\lsun, also exhibits emission from high-excitation methanol and other lines. The methanol emission toward these two protostars is indicative of temperatures high enough to thermally evaporate methanol from icy dust grains; overall these protostars have characteristics similar to hot corinos. We do not identify a clear outflow from HOPS-108 in \twco, but find evidence of interaction between the outflow/jet from HOPS-370 and the OMC2-FIR4 region. The multitude of observational constraints indicate that HOPS-108 is likely a low to intermediate-mass protostar in its main mass accretion phase and it is the most luminous protostar in OMC2-FIR4. The high resolution data presented here are essential for disentangling the embedded protostars from their surrounding dusty environments and characterizing them

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

An Open, Large-Scale, Collaborative Effort to Estimate the Reproducibility of Psychological Science

Reproducibility is a defining feature of science. However, because of strong incentives for innovation and weak incentives for confirmation, direct replication is rarely practiced or published. The Reproducibility Project is an open, large-scale, collaborative effort to systematically examine the rate and predictors of reproducibility in psychological science. So far, 72 volunteer researchers from 41 institutions have organized to openly and transparently replicate studies published in three prominent psychological journals in 2008. Multiple methods will be used to evaluate the findings, calculate an empirical rate of replication, and investigate factors that predict reproducibility. Whatever the result, a better understanding of reproducibility will ultimately improve confidence in scientific methodology and findings

Heterozygous Variants in KMT2E Cause a Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy.

We delineate a KMT2E-related neurodevelopmental disorder on the basis of 38 individuals in 36 families. This study includes 31 distinct heterozygous variants in KMT2E (28 ascertained from Matchmaker Exchange and three previously reported), and four individuals with chromosome 7q22.2-22.23 microdeletions encompassing KMT2E (one previously reported). Almost all variants occurred de novo, and most were truncating. Most affected individuals with protein-truncating variants presented with mild intellectual disability. One-quarter of individuals met criteria for autism. Additional common features include macrocephaly, hypotonia, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities, and a subtle facial gestalt. Epilepsy was present in about one-fifth of individuals with truncating variants and was responsive to treatment with anti-epileptic medications in almost all. More than 70% of the individuals were male, and expressivity was variable by sex; epilepsy was more common in females and autism more common in males. The four individuals with microdeletions encompassing KMT2E generally presented similarly to those with truncating variants, but the degree of developmental delay was greater. The group of four individuals with missense variants in KMT2E presented with the most severe developmental delays. Epilepsy was present in all individuals with missense variants, often manifesting as treatment-resistant infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Microcephaly was also common in this group. Haploinsufficiency versus gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects specific to these missense variants in KMT2E might explain this divergence in phenotype, but requires independent validation. Disruptive variants in KMT2E are an under-recognized cause of neurodevelopmental abnormalities

Data from: Experimental evolution of the Caenorhabditis elegans sex determination pathway

Sex determination is a critical developmental decision with major ecological and evolutionary consequences, yet a large variety of sex determination mechanisms exist and we have a poor understanding of how they evolve. Theoretical and empirical work suggest that compensatory adaptations to mutations in genes involved in sex determination may play a role in the evolution of these pathways. Here, we directly address this problem using experimental evolution in Caenorhabditis elegans lines fixed for a pair of mutations in two key sex-determining genes that jointly render sex determination temperature-sensitive and cause intersexual (but still weakly to moderately fertile) phenotypes at intermediate temperatures. After fifty generations, evolved lines clearly recovered towards wild-type phenotypes. However, changes in transcript levels of key sex-determining genes in evolved lines cannot explain their partially (or in some cases, nearly completely) rescued phenotypes, implying that wild-type phenotypes can be restored independently of the transcriptional effects of these mutations. Our findings highlight the microevolutionary flexibility of sex determination pathways, and suggest that compensatory adaptation to mutations can elicit novel and unpredictable evolutionary trajectories in these pathways, mirroring the phylogenetic diversity and macroevolutionary dynamics of sex determination mechanisms

Climate Change in the Pacific 2022: Historical and Recent Variability, Extremes and Change

<p>This report presents key scientific findings from the second phase of the Climate and Oceans Support Program in the Pacific (COSPPac, July 2018–June 2023), Seasonal Prediction and the Pacific Sea Level and Geodetic Monitoring (PSLGM) projects. The report contributes to COSPPac's aim for Pacific Island national meteorological services to understand and use climate, ocean and sea level data and information to develop and disseminate useful products and services to Pacific Island governments and communities, building resilience against the impact of climate change, climate variability and disasters. </p><p>The report also provides an update of scientific understanding of large-scale climate processes, variability and extremes in the western tropical Pacific first presented in the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP) Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research, Volume 2, Country Reports (2011) and the Pacific–Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning (PACCSAP) Program Climate Variability, Extremes and Change in the Western Tropical Pacific: New Science and Updated Country Reports (2014).</p><p>The work is designed to complement the recently released 'NextGen' Projections for the Western Tropical Pacific country reports and provide finer-scale partner country historical climate change information not presented in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Regional Association Five (RA-V) Pacific Regional Climate Centre (RCC) Network's Pacific Climate Change Monitor (PCCM) Report (2022).</p&gt

Climate Change in the Pacific 2022: Historical and Recent Variability, Extremes and Change

<p>This report presents key scientific findings from the second phase of the Climate and Oceans Support Program in the Pacific (COSPPac, July 2018–June 2023), Seasonal Prediction and the Pacific Sea Level and Geodetic Monitoring (PSLGM) projects. The report contributes to COSPPac's aim for Pacific Island national meteorological services to understand and use climate, ocean and sea level data and information to develop and disseminate useful products and services to Pacific Island governments and communities, building resilience against the impact of climate change, climate variability and disasters. </p><p>The report also provides an update of scientific understanding of large-scale climate processes, variability and extremes in the western tropical Pacific first presented in the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP) Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research, Volume 2, Country Reports (2011) and the Pacific–Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning (PACCSAP) Program Climate Variability, Extremes and Change in the Western Tropical Pacific: New Science and Updated Country Reports (2014).</p><p>The work is designed to complement the recently released 'NextGen' Projections for the Western Tropical Pacific country reports and provide finer-scale partner country historical climate change information not presented in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Regional Association Five (RA-V) Pacific Regional Climate Centre (RCC) Network's Pacific Climate Change Monitor (PCCM) Report (2022).</p&gt

EEFitnessData

Contains tail scores and gonad phenotypes for individual worms of each strain reared at six temperatures. See publication for methodological details. ID: ID number for individual worm. Strain: Strain/line of each worm. Temp: Temperature at which each worm was raised (degrees C). Tail: Tail score (see Chandler, 2010, Heredity, 105, 473-482 for scoring details). Gonad: Gonad score for each worm, -1 = unscorable, 0 = hermaphrodite with obvious eggs, 1 = hermaphrodite carrying no visible eggs, 2 = looks like a hermaphrodite gonad, but abnormal with no eggs (categories 1 & 2 were pooled together for analyses in the publication), 3 = male

EEPhenotypeData

Contains tail scores for individual worms of each strain reared at six temperatures. See publication for methodological details. ID: ID number for individual worm. Strain: Strain/line of each worm. Temp: Temperature at which each worm was raised (degrees C). Tail: Tail score (see Chandler, 2010, Heredity, 105, 473-482 for scoring details)