t→bWt \to b W in NonCommutative Standard Model

We study the top quark decay to b quark and W boson in the NonCommutative Standard Model (NCSM). The lowest contribution to the decay comes from the terms quadratic in the matrix describing the noncommutative (NC) effects while the linear term is seen to identically vanish because of symmetry. The NC effects are found to be significant only for low values of the NC characteristic scale.Comment: 11 page Latex file containing 2 eps figures (redrawn). More discussion included. To appear in PR

Psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: cross-sectional analyses from 14 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) have been impacted psychologically due to their professional responsibilities over the prolonged era of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The study aimed to identify the predictors of psychological distress, fear, and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic among HCWs. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among self-identified HCWs across 14 countries (12 from Asia and two from Africa). The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and the Brief Resilient Coping Scale were used to assess the psychological distress, fear, and coping of HCWs, respectively. Results A total of 2447 HCWs participated; 36% were doctors, and 42% were nurses, with a mean age of 36 (±12) years, and 70% were females. Moderate to very-high psychological distress was prevalent in 67% of the HCWs; the lowest rate was reported in the United Arab Emirates (1%) and the highest in Indonesia (16%). The prevalence of high levels of fear was 20%; the lowest rate was reported in Libya (9%) and the highest in Egypt (32%). The prevalence of medium-to-high resilient coping was 63%; the lowest rate was reported in Libya (28%) and the highest in Syria (76%). Conclusion COVID-19 has augmented the psychological distress among HCWs. Factors identified in this study should be considered in managing the wellbeing of HCWs, who had been serving as the frontline drivers in managing the crisis successfully across all participating countries. Furthermore, interventions to address their psychological distress should be considered

Vaccine breakthrough hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs

Life-threatening `breakthrough' cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning antibody response to the SARS- CoV-2 vaccine in individuals already at risk. Pre-existing autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs underlie at least 15% of critical COVID-19 pneumonia cases in unvaccinated individuals; however, their contribution to hypoxemic breakthrough cases in vaccinated people remains unknown. Here, we studied a cohort of 48 individuals ( age 20-86 years) who received 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine and developed a breakthrough infection with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks to 4 months later. Antibody levels to the vaccine, neutralization of the virus, and auto- Abs to type I IFNs were measured in the plasma. Forty-two individuals had no known deficiency of B cell immunity and a normal antibody response to the vaccine. Among them, ten (24%) had auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs (aged 43-86 years). Eight of these ten patients had auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-a2 and IFN-., while two neutralized IFN-omega only. No patient neutralized IFN-ss. Seven neutralized 10 ng/mL of type I IFNs, and three 100 pg/mL only. Seven patients neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) efficiently, while one patient neutralized Delta slightly less efficiently. Two of the three patients neutralizing only 100 pg/mL of type I IFNs neutralized both D61G and Delta less efficiently. Despite two mRNA vaccine inoculations and the presence of circulating antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs may underlie a significant proportion of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia cases, highlighting the importance of this particularly vulnerable population

Sex- and age-related differences in the management and outcomes of chronic heart failure: an analysis of patients from the ESC HFA EORP Heart Failure Long-Term Registry

Aims: This study aimed to assess age- and sex-related differences in management and 1-year risk for all-cause mortality and hospitalization in chronic heart failure (HF) patients. Methods and results: Of 16 354 patients included in the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry, 9428 chronic HF patients were analysed [median age: 66 years; 28.5% women; mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 37%]. Rates of use of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) were high (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: 85.7%, 88.7% and 58.8%, respectively). Crude GDMT utilization rates were lower in women than in men (all differences: P\ua0 64 0.001), and GDMT use became lower with ageing in both sexes, at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Sex was not an independent predictor of GDMT prescription; however, age >75 years was a significant predictor of GDMT underutilization. Rates of all-cause mortality were lower in women than in men (7.1% vs. 8.7%; P\ua0=\ua00.015), as were rates of all-cause hospitalization (21.9% vs. 27.3%; P\ua075 years. Conclusions: There was a decline in GDMT use with advanced age in both sexes. Sex was not an independent predictor of GDMT or adverse outcomes. However, age >75 years independently predicted lower GDMT use and higher all-cause mortality in patients with LVEF 6445%

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19

Background: We previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15–20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in ~ 80% of cases. Methods: We report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded. Results: No gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5–528.7, P = 1.1 × 10−4) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR = 3.70[95%CI 1.3–8.2], P = 2.1 × 10−4). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR = 19.65[95%CI 2.1–2635.4], P = 3.4 × 10−3), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR = 4.40[9%CI 2.3–8.4], P = 7.7 × 10−8). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD] = 43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P = 1.68 × 10−5). Conclusions: Rare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Session 1: Syntax

The Processing of Prepositional Relative Clauses in L2 Spanish: Andrea Levenstein-Rodriguez The Lives of Coordinate Structures: Evidence from Distribution and Cases of Three (or More) Conjuncts: Brooklyn Sheppard Movement of Turkish Bare Direct Objects Motivated by Strong Accusative Case Feature: Metehan Oguz Brea

Potensi Antimikroba Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pare (Momordica charantia L) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Secara In Vitro dengan Metode Dilusi Agar.

Staphylococcus aureus adalah bakteri Gram kokus positif, menyebabkan berbagai macam penyakit melalui kemampuannya dalam memproduksi toksin dan menginvasi jaringan. Infeksi Staphylococcus aureus dapat berkembang menjadi kondisi yang mengancam jiwa karena resistensi bakteri terhadap berbagai antimikroba, Vankomisin adalah terapi pilihan pada infeksi Staphylococcus aureus dan strain MRSA, namun harganya lebih mahal. Hal tersebut mendasari perlunya mencari antimikroba alternatif yang memiliki efektivitas sebagai antimikroba namun tetap aman, dengan harga yang lebih terjangkau serta mudah untuk didapatkan. Salah satu bahan yang bisa digunakan adalah herbal. Buah pare (Momordica charantia L) yang diketahui mengandung zat aktif seperti saponin, alkaloid, dan saponin yang diduga kuat memiliki kemampuan sebagai antimikroba. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi antimikroba ekstrak etanol buah pare (Momordica charantia L) untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus secara in vitro dengan metode dilusi agar. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental laboratoris dengan metode dilusi agar dengan pengamatan visual terhadap pertumbuhan koloni Staphylococcus aureus. Konsentrasi ekstrak etanol buah pare (Momordica charantia L) yang digunakan adalah 0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, 1,5%, 1,75%, 2%, 2,25% serta satu kelompok kontrol bakteri tanpa diberi ekstrak buah pare (konsentrasi 0%). Setiap perlakuan dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak empat kali. Analisa data menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis menunjukkan perbedaan efek antimikroba pada setiap pemberian ekstrak etanol buah pare (Momordica charantia) dalam beberapa konsentrasi terhadap pertumbuhan koloni bakteri Staphylococcus aureus secara in vitro (p < 0,05). Uji korelasi Spearman menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara pemberian ekstrak etanol buah pare (Momordica charantia) dalam beberapa konsentrasi terhadap pertumbuhan koloni bakteri Staphylococcus aureus (p < 0,05). Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol buah pare (Momordica charantia L) mempunyai efek sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus secara in vitro

HUBUNGAN ANTARA JUMLAH EOSINOFIL JARINGAN DENGAN TINGKAT KERUSAKAN MUKOSA PADA PASIEN RINOSINUSITIS KRONIK

Latar Belakang: Eosinofil merupakan sel efektor mayor pada proses inflamasi pada rinosinusitis kronik (RSK) yang mampu mempengaruhi dan memperberat proses inflamasi. Eosinofil dan produk-produknya mampu secara langsung menyebabkan kerusakan mukosa. Obyektif: Menganalisis hubungan antara jumlah eosinofil jaringan dengan tingkat kerusakan mukosa pada pasien RSK. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Jaringan patologi didapatkan saat operasi bedah sinus endoskopi fungsional (BSEF) dan dilakukan penghitungan jumlah eosinofil jaringan dan penilaian terhadap kerusakan mukosa dengan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dengan pembesaran 400x di Instalasi Patologi Anatomi. Tingkat kerusakan mukosa dikelompokkan menjadi stadium 0, stadium 1, stadium 2, dan stadium 3. Hasil: Sampel sebanyak 34 pasien RSK yang menjalani operasi bedah sinus. Rerata jumlah eosinofil jaringan pada pasien RSK adalah 102,14 / lpb. Sebanyak 3 pasien dengan kerusakan mukosa stadium 2 dengan rerata eosinofil jaringan 4,66 / lpb dan 31 pasien dengan kerusakan mukosa stadium 3 dengan rerata eosinofil jaringan 111,58 / lpb. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman mendapatkan hasil signifikan dengan p = 0,023 (p < 0,05), dan tingkat korelasi rendah (rs = 0,344). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan positif lemah antara jumlah eosinofil jaringan dengan tingkat kerusakan mukosa pada pasien RSK