Estudio de prefactibilidad para la instalación de una planta procesadora de snack de fruta liofilizada

Este trabajo resume un estudio preliminar de factibilidad para una planta procesadora de snacks de frutas liofilizadas, detallando lo que se ha desarrollado en cada capítulo para evaluar su viabilidad técnica, económica y de mercado. El Capítulo I presenta aspectos generales de la investigación. Existe el problema de las dietas demasiado altas en azúcar, grasas y otras sustancias en los snacks tradicionales que pueden causar enfermedades graves a cualquier edad, por lo que se ha realizado un estudio preliminar para instalar una planta procesadora de snacks de frutas liofilizadas. Además, este proyecto brinda una alternativa para los empresarios y agricultores peruanos, sin olvidar aspectos como la salud del consumidor. Por ello, en este capítulo introductorio se desarrolla la idea del proyecto, así como sus objetivos, tanto generales como específicos, y justificaciones técnicas, económicas y sociales. En el capítulo II, se realizó el estudio de mercado, definiendo el producto, bienes sustitutos y complementarios. Además, se determinó el área geográfica a la que irá dirigida nuestro producto siendo Lima Metropolitana, evaluando diversos aspectos y por último se determinarán la demanda potencial y la demanda del proyecto para sus 5 años de evaluación. El Capítulo III ubica la planta industrial productora de snacks de frutas liofilizadas. La información se puede ver tanto de la distribución macro a nivel de sector político del Perú como de la distribución micro a nivel de distrito provincial. En ambos casos se utilizó para su determinación el análisis de la escala Likert obteniendo como resultado la ubicación en Lima Metropolitana. El Capítulo IV define el tamaño ideal que debe tener una planta industrial en unidades de producto. Para saber lo dicho anteriormente, se necesitan aspectos importantes, como la demanda del mercado, cantidad de recursos de producción, capacidades tecnológicas y equipos más adecuados; Además, en este capítulo estimaremos los costos variables unitarios, los costos fijos anuales y los precios de venta unitarios, determinando así el umbral de rentabilidad del negocio. A partir de este análisis, se puede ver que el factor limitante es el tamaño del mercado, siendo ideal ya que se podrá aprovechar toda la demanda posible del producto. El Capítulo V examina las técnicas de diseño donde se proporciona mucha información, como especificaciones técnicas del producto obtenidas de la NTP, CODEX e investigación, plan maestro de la empresa industrial; Además, la explicación del proceso productivo, especificaciones de los equipos, estudios de impacto ambiental para cada etapa del proceso productivo, determinación de la calidad del producto mediante el método de puntos críticos de control, cadena de suministro, etc. El Capítulo VI describe la estructura de gobierno corporativo. Analizar e identificar temas como la estructura administrativa, la capacitación administrativa requerida para los puestos, el salario adecuado para cada puesto, los requisitos generales de recursos humanos y sus funciones clave para el correcto funcionamiento de la empresa; Finalmente, se muestra la estructura organizacional de la empresa. El Capítulo VII presenta los aspectos económicos y financieros de la empresa. Se ha analizado y explicado el volumen de inversión de 979 538,05 soles, así como las modalidades de financiación del proyecto, de las cuales el 65% es capital de préstamo y el resto es capital social; Además, se determina todo el presupuesto requerido para la construcción del estado de resultado, se preparan los estados financieros del año anterior y del primer año del proyecto, los pagos en efectivo al momento de la apertura y se realizan las declaraciones económicas y red financiera. El flujo de capital es una parte importante de la evaluación. Agrega y analiza todos los datos obtenidos previamente con ratios de liquidez, eficiencia, solvencia y rentabilidad; Los resultados incluyen una relación costo-beneficio mayor a 1, una TIR más alta que el COK y relaciones atractivas a lo largo del proyecto. De igual forma, se evaluó un escenario optimista con mayores ventas y otro pesimista de características opuestas, con resultados en general positivos. Al final, en el Capítulo VIII, se realiza una evaluación social del proyecto y se calculan la intensidad de capital, la densidad de capital y la productividad laboral esto dará muestra del aporte social que tiene el proyecto.The present paper focuses on the prefeasibility study’s investigation of a freeze-dried fruit snack’s processing plant to assess technical and economic viability. In chapter I, the general aspects of the study are shown. Addressing the problem that traditional snacks usually contain high levels of sugar, fat and other unhealthy substances that could result in different diseases, a study on setting up a freeze-dried fruit snack’s processing plant is presented. This product is a healthy alternative for consumers and a profitable one for both entrepreneurs and farmers. On this basis, this introductory chapter develops the Project concept, objectives (both general and specific) and social, economic, and technical justifications. In chapter II, a market study was carried out, defining the product and the substitute and complementary goods. In addition, the geographic area where the product is going to be directed was determined: Lima Metropolitana. Lastly, the unmet demand and the 5-yeat demand for the product will be determined In chapter III, the industrial plant’s location for the freeze-dried fruit snacks production is determined. Information for macro location, Peru’s regional levels, as well as micro locations, Peru’s provincial and district levels, will be presented. In both cases, a rating scale analysis (Likert) will be developed to determine the most important location factors. The analysis outcome yielded in choosing Lima Metropolitana as the location for the plant. In chapter IV, the plant´s capacity is determined. To determine the plant’s capacity, certain aspects such as market demand, quantity of productive resources, technology and machinery processing capacities, fixed annual costs and variable unit price are evaluated to calculate the break-even point. Due to this analysis, the plant’s capacity is restricted to the market size, which is between the breakeven point and the technology capacity. In Chapter V, the project engineering is analyzed. This chapter includes the technical specifications of the product obtained through the NTP, CODEX and studies, detailed explanation of the production process, technical specifications of machinery, assessment of the production quality using the critical control points method, the environmental impact study for each stage of the production process, the supply chain, among others. In chapter VI, the administrative area of the company is described. This chapter includes the administrative structure, personnel requirements and their main functions, salaries, and the company’s organizational chart. Chapter VII contains the economic and financial aspects of the company. This includes the investment amount (PEN 979K), the type of funding (65% debt), financial statements (profit & loss, financial position, and the cash flow statement) and financial ratios (liquidity ratio, capital adequacy ratio, turnover ratio, IRR). It also includes the evaluation of an optimistic and a pessimistic scenario, both with satisfactory financial performances. Finally, in chapter VII the social assessment of the project is conducted. This includes the capital-output ratio, capital intensity and labor productivity

Physics case for an LHCb Upgrade II - Opportunities in flavour physics, and beyond, in the HL-LHC era

The LHCb Upgrade II will fully exploit the flavour-physics opportunities of the HL-LHC, and study additional physics topics that take advantage of the forward acceptance of the LHCb spectrometer. The LHCb Upgrade I will begin operation in 2020. Consolidation will occur, and modest enhancements of the Upgrade I detector will be installed, in Long Shutdown 3 of the LHC (2025) and these are discussed here. The main Upgrade II detector will be installed in long shutdown 4 of the LHC (2030) and will build on the strengths of the current LHCb experiment and the Upgrade I. It will operate at a luminosity up to 2×1034 cm−2s−1, ten times that of the Upgrade I detector. New detector components will improve the intrinsic performance of the experiment in certain key areas. An Expression Of Interest proposing Upgrade II was submitted in February 2017. The physics case for the Upgrade II is presented here in more depth. CP-violating phases will be measured with precisions unattainable at any other envisaged facility. The experiment will probe b → sl+l−and b → dl+l− transitions in both muon and electron decays in modes not accessible at Upgrade I. Minimal flavour violation will be tested with a precision measurement of the ratio of B(B0 → μ+μ−)/B(Bs → μ+μ−). Probing charm CP violation at the 10−5 level may result in its long sought discovery. Major advances in hadron spectroscopy will be possible, which will be powerful probes of low energy QCD. Upgrade II potentially will have the highest sensitivity of all the LHC experiments on the Higgs to charm-quark couplings. Generically, the new physics mass scale probed, for fixed couplings, will almost double compared with the pre-HL-LHC era; this extended reach for flavour physics is similar to that which would be achieved by the HE-LHC proposal for the energy frontier

LHCb upgrade software and computing : technical design report

This document reports the Research and Development activities that are carried out in the software and computing domains in view of the upgrade of the LHCb experiment. The implementation of a full software trigger implies major changes in the core software framework, in the event data model, and in the reconstruction algorithms. The increase of the data volumes for both real and simulated datasets requires a corresponding scaling of the distributed computing infrastructure. An implementation plan in both domains is presented, together with a risk assessment analysis

Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

The ratios of branching fractions $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb${ }^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$. The measured values are $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is $\rho=-0.43$. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

The decay $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. In the $\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-}$ system, the $\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0}$ state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, $\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}$ and $\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}$, whose masses and widths are measured to be $$m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},$$ where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt $\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ sample. Evidence of a new $\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0}$ state is found with a local significance of $3.8\,\sigma$, whose mass and width are measured to be $2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and $12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode $\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ is found with a significance of $3.7\,\sigma$. The relative branching fraction of $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ with respect to the $B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-}$ decay is measured to be $2.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements