Evaluation of the chemical and antioxidant properties of wild and cultivated mushrooms of Ghana

Knowledge of the chemical composition of both wild and cultivated edible mushrooms in Ghana is limited. This study reports their nutritional value, composition in lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules, minerals and antioxidant properties. The samples were found to be nutritionally rich in carbohydrates, ranging from 64.14 ± 0.93 g in Pleurotus ostreatus strain EM-1 to 80.17 ± 0.34 g in Lentinus squarosullus strain LSF. The highest level of proteins (28.40 ± 0.86 g) was recorded in the mentioned P. ostreatus strain. Low fat contents were registered in the samples, with Auricularia auricula recording the lowest value. High levels of potassium were also observed with the following decreasing order of elements: K>P~Na>Mg>Ca. High levels of antioxidants were also observed, thus making mushrooms suitable to be used as functional foods or nutraceutical sources. Furthermore, this study provides new information regarding chemical properties of mushrooms from Ghana, which is very important for the biodiversity characterization of this country.The authors are grateful to Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support to the research center CIMO (strategic project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011), A. Fernandes grant (SFRH/BD/76019/2011) and L. Barros researcher contract under “Programa Compromisso com Ciência-2008”. The authors also thank Africa-Brazil Agricultural Innovation Marketplace for the collection of the mushroom samples and for the mineral analysis in Ghana

Chemical characterization and antioxidant potential of wild ganoderma species from Ghana

The chemical characterization and antioxidant potential of twelve wild strains of Ganoderma sp. from Ghana, nine (LS1-LS9) of which were found growing wild simultaneously on the same dying Delonix regia tree, were evaluated. Parameters evaluated included the nutritional value, composition in sugars, fatty acids, phenolic and other organic compounds and some vitamins and vitamin precursors. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by investigating reducing power, radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition using five in vitro assays. Protein, carbohydrate, fat, ash and energy contents ranged between 15.7-24.5 g/100 gdw, 73.31-81.90 g/100 g, 0.48-1.40 g/100 g, 0.68-2.12 g/100 g ash and 396.1-402.02 kcal/100 g, respectively. Fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids were relatively abundant. Free sugars included rhamnose, fructose, mannitol, sucrose and trehalose. Total tocopherols, organic acids and phenolic compounds' content ranged between 741-3191 µg/100 g, 77-1003 mg/100 g and 7.6-489 µg/100 g, respectively. There were variations in the ß-glucans, ergosterol and vitamin D 2 contents. The three major minerals in decreasing order were K > P > S. Ganoderma sp. strain AM1 showed the highest antioxidant activity. This study reveals, for the first time, chemical characteristics of Ganoderma spp. which grew simultaneously on the same tree.The authors thank H.N.A. Wellington of University of Ghana for showing us the location of the LS1–9 samples and for aiding in the sample collection. The authors also thank the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Lisbon, Portugal) and FEDER under Program PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (Pest-OE/AGR/UI0690/2015) and L. Barros (SFRH/BPD/107855/2015) grant. To POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006984 (LA LSRE-LCM), funded by FEDER, through POCI-COMPETE2020 and FCT. We also thank the Nutrient and Phytochemical Analytic Shared Resource, part of the OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center (NIH P30 CA016058), where ergosterol and vitamin D2 were analyzed, the OSU Food Innovation Center for financial support, and the OSU Center for Advanced Functional Foods Research and Entrepreneurship for in-kind support. Author Contributions: Mary Obodai designed the study and participated in the manuscript writing. Deborah L. Narh. Mensah and Nii Korley Kortei conducted bibliographic research, data organization and participated in the manuscript writing. Angela Fernandes, Lillian Barros and Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira performed all the chemical analysis, the statistics and participated in the manuscript writing. Deborah L. Narh Mensah, Matilda Dzomeku, Juanita Prempeh and Richard K. Takli collected all the samples. Matthew Teegarden and Steven J. Schwartz conducted analysis on bioactive compounds and edited manuscript. Mary Obodai, Deborah L. Narh. Mensah, Nii Korley Kortei and Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira revised the manuscript writing.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

A practical approach to genome assembly and annotation of Basidiomycota using the example of Armillaria

Technological advancements in genome sequencing, assembly and annotation platforms and algorithms that resulted in several genomic studies have created an opportunity to further our understanding of the biology of phytopathogens, including Armillaria species. Most Armillaria species are facultative necrotrophs that cause root- and stem-rot, usually on woody plants, significantly impacting agriculture and forestry worldwide. Genome sequencing, assembly and annotation in terms of samples used and methods applied in Armillaria genome projects are evaluated in this review. Infographic guidelines and a database of resources to facilitate future Armillaria genome projects were developed. Knowledge gained from genomic studies of Armillaria species is summarized and prospects for further research are provided. This guide can be applied to other diploid and dikaryotic fungal genomics

Bioprospecting of powdered pineapple rind as an organic supplement of composted sawdust for Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom cultivation

Pineapple rind is a by‐product of the pineapple processing industry and contains nutrients and other compounds which must be utilized as a bioresource for socio‐economic benefits while preventing the potential problems of improper agroindustrial biomass disposal methods. Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible oyster mushroom with medicinal properties and can be cultivated on various agroindustrial biomass, including sawdust containing supplements. Pineapple rind was powdered and used as a supplement of composted sawdust at 2%, 5%, 10%, 12%, 15%, and 20% (w/w) on dry weight basis. A control treatment consisted of composted sawdust supplemented with rice bran at 12% (the most utilized composition in Ghana). P. ostreatus strain EM‐1 was cultivated on these treatments. Factors investigated included the spawn run period, yield, fruiting body weight and size, biological efficiency, and nutritional composition (proximate composition and Copper, Zinc and Lead content) of fruiting bodies harvested from selected high‐yielding treatments and the control treatment. Full colonization of all treatments occurred by the 34th day of incubation. Enhanced yield, fruiting body weight and size, and biological efficiency were generally recorded with supplementation at lower concentrations (2% and 5%) compared to treatments supplemented at higher concentrations. There was also a supplement concentration‐dependent alteration of the nutritional composition of the mushroom. Powdered pineapple rind can be utilized as an organic supplement at relatively low concentrations in composted sawdust for P. ostreatus strain EM‐1 cultivation. The use of lower concentrations of powdered pineapple rind in composted sawdust is advantageous as relatively less input will be required to produce higher P. ostreatus strain EM‐1 yields. Utilization of pineapple rind for mushroom cultivation will extend the pineapple plant value chain, intensify mushroom production in a sustainable way, and minimize agricultural losses

Nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters and characteristics of predicted NRPS-dependent siderophore synthetases in Armillaria and other species in the Physalacriaceae

DATA AVAILABILITY : Publicly available genome and RNA sequences were analyzed in this study. These data can be found at https://mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov/mycocosm/species-tree/tree;05h0Ue?organism=physalacriaceae. Unpublished genome and RNA sequence data obtained from JGI were used with permission from Dr. László G. Nagy. Data of bioassays are presented in this manuscript and can be assessed in the manuscript.Please read abstract in the article.The University of Pretoria, the South African Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)-National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence in Plant Health Biotechnology (CPHB, previously the CTHB), the DSI – NRF South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) in Fungal Genomics, and the Tree Protection Cooperative Program (TPCP).https://link.springer.com/journal/2942023-11-11bmgibs2023BiochemistryForestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)GeneticsMicrobiology and Plant Patholog

Biochemical characterization and efficacy of <em>Pleurotus</em>, <em>Lentinus</em> and <em>Ganoderma</em> parent and hybrid mushroom strains as biofertilizers of attapulgite for wheat and tomato growth

International audiencePleurotus, Lentinus and Ganoderma are mushrooms which have various properties and should be explored as bioresources for various uses such as biofertilizers for sustainable intensification of agriculture. Pleurotus, Lentinus and Ganoderma species and intra- and inter-specific/generic hybrids produced with the dual culture technique were evaluated for chitinase and esterase activities, phosphate solubilization ability, siderophore production, mycelia growth, and efficacy as biofertilizers using semi-quantitative assays. All parent and selected hybrid strains were assessed as biofertilizers in attapulgite for wheat and tomato cultivation. Correlations between biochemical characteristics, plant root and shoot biomass, and microbial loads and ergosterol content of tomato cultivation substrate post-harvest were determined. Biochemical characteristics studied were mushroom strain-specific, independent on mycelia growth rate and were altered in hybrids. Esterase production was strain-dependent and precipitates produced differed in size. This is the first report of siderophore production by P. tuber-regium, L. squarrosulus and Ganoderma sp. from Ghana as well as alteration of siderophore production by intra-species/generic and inter-generic hybrid strains. Biofertilizer efficacy of parent strains and intra- and inter-specific/generic hybrids was mushroom strain- and plant species-specific. L. squarrosulus strain SqW and P. sajor-caju strain PScW were most efficacious strains for wheat and tomato cultivation respectively. Fungal (3.65-5.40 cfu g(-1)) and bacterial (0-6.43 cfu g(-1)) colony counts after tomato cultivation varied among treatments. Ergosterol concentration in all treatments (0.07-0.96 mu g g(-1)) were higher than in control treatment (0.05 mu g g(-1)). Chitinase activity and siderophore production of mushroom strains positively correlated with both wheat and tomato growth. Utilization of mushrooms as biofertilizers will enhance food security

Correction to: Correlations of cap diameter (pileus width), stipe length and biological efficiency of Pleurotus ostreatus (Ex.Fr.) Kummer cultivated on gamma-irradiated and steam-sterilized composted sawdust as an index of quality for pricing

In the original publication of this article [1], there was an error in an author name. In this correction article the correct and incorrect names are indicated

Correlations of cap diameter (pileus width), stipe length and biological efficiency of Pleurotus ostreatus (Ex.Fr.) Kummer cultivated on gamma-irradiated and steam-sterilized composted sawdust as an index of quality for pricing

Abstract Background Consumption patterns of mushrooms have increased in Ghana recently owing to its acknowledgement as a functional food. Different mushroom cultivation methods and substrate types have been linked to the quality of mushrooms produced, thereby affecting its pricing. Methods A comparative regression analysis was carried out to assess the correlation of stipe lengths, cap diameters and biological efficiencies of mushroom fruit bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on steam-sterilized and gamma-irradiated sawdust after exposure to ionizing radiations of doses 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 24 and 32 kGy from a 60CO source (SL 515, Hungary) at a dose rate of 1.7 kGy/h. Steam sterilization of composted substrates was also done at a temperature of 100–105 °C for 2 h. Results Cap diameters of the mushrooms ranged 41–71.5 and 0–73 mm for gamma-irradiated samples depending on dose and steam-sterilized composted sawdust, respectively. Stipe lengths ranged between 4.4–61 and 0–58.1 for gamma-irradiated samples depending on dose and steam-treated substrates, respectively. Total yields of P. ostreatus grown on the gamma irradiation-treated composted sawdust ranged between 8.8 and 1517 g/kg, while mushrooms from steam sterilized recorded 0–1642 g/kg. Biological efficiencies of mushrooms grown on irradiated sawdust ranged 3–93.3%, while steamed sawdust ranged 0–97%. Good linear correlations were established between the cap diameter and biological efficiency (r 2 = 0.70), stipe length and biological efficiency (r 2 = 0.91) for mushrooms cultivated on gamma-irradiated sawdust. Similarly, good correlations were established between cap diameter and biological efficiency (r 2 = 0.89) stipe length and biological efficiency (r 2 = 0.95) for mushrooms cultivated on steam-sterilized sawdust. Conclusion These correlations provide the possibility to use only the cap diameter and stipe lengths to predict their biological efficiency and also use this parameter for grading and pricing of mushrooms earmarked for the consumer market