A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Transoral approach to the craniovertebral junction Acesso transoral para a junção craniocervical

The transoral approach provides a safe exposure to lesions in the midline and the ventral side of the craniovertebral junction. The advantages of the transoral approach are 1) the impinging bony pathology and granulation tissue are accessible only via the ventral route; 2) the head is placed in the extended position, thus decreasing the angulation of the brainstem during the surgery; and 3) surgery is done through the avascular median pharyngeal raphe and clivus. We analyzed the clinical effects of odontoidectomy after treating 38 patients with basilar invagination. The anterior transoral operation to treat irreducible ventral compression in patients with basilar invagination was performed in 38 patients. The patients’ ages ranged from 34 to 67 years. Fourteen patients had associated Chiari malformation and eight had previously undergone posterior decompressive surgery. The main indication for surgery was significant neurological deterioration. Symptoms and signs included neck pain, myelopathy, lower cranial nerve dysfunction, nystagmus and gait disturbance. Extended exposure was performed in 24 patients. The surgery was beneficial to the majority of patients. There was one death within 10 days of surgery, due to pulmonary embolism. Postoperative complications included two cases of pneumonia, three cases of oronasal fistula with regurgitation and one cerebrospinal fluid leak. In patients with marked ventral compression, the transoral approach provides direct access to the anterior face of the craniovertebral junction and effective means for odontoidectomy.O acesso transoral é uma via direta e segura às lesões situadas na linha média e na face anterior da junção craniocervical. As vantagens do acesso transoral são as seguintes:1) a compressão óssea e o tecido de granulação localizam-se anteriormente e são accessíveis pela via anterior; 2) a cabeça do paciente é colocada em extensão, diminuindo a angulação do tronco cerebral durante a cirurgia; e 3) a cirurgia é feita através de um plano avascular na linha média faríngea e clivo. Analisamos os resultados obtidos após odontoidectomia por via transoral em 38 pacientes portadores de invaginação basilar. Trinta e oito pacientes com compressão ventral da junção craniocervical foram submetidos a odontoidectomia por via transoral. A idade dos pacientes variou de 34 a 67 anos. Quatorze pacientes apresentavam associação com malformação de Chiari tipo I e 8 já haviam sido submetidos à cirurgia descompressiva por via posterior. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou nucalgia, mielopatia, déficits dos nervos cranianos baixos, nistagmo, e distúrbio da marcha. Em 24 pacientes foi necessário ampliar o acesso transoral através de miotomia do palato mole, ou osteotomia do palato duro ou maxilotomia. A cirurgia proporcionou melhora dos sintomas na maioria dos pacientes. Um paciente faleceu no pós-operatório imediato por causa de embolia pulmonar. Dois pacientes tiveram pneumonia, três apresentaram fístula oronasal com regurgitação, e um teve fístula liquórica. Em pacientes com compressão ventral irredutível da junção craniocervical, a via transoral proporcionou uma abordagem direta e ampla ao processo odontoide

Internal structure of the cerebral hemispheres: an introduction of fiber dissection technique Estrutura interna dos hemisférios cerebrais: introdução à técnica de dissecação de fibras

The aim of this study is to introduce the fiber dissection technique and its importance in the comprehension of the three-dimensional intrinsic anatomy of the brain. A total of twenty brain hemispheres were dissected. Using Kingler's technique we demonstrated the intrinsic structures of the brain. The supra lateral aspect of the brain as well as the medial aspect were presented. The most important fiber systems were demonstrated. The use and comprehension of new neuroimaging techniques demand a better understanding of this fascinating anatomy. The knowledge acquired with this technique will improve our understanding of critical pathways of the central nervous system.<br>O objetivo é mostrar a técnica de dissecação de fibras e sua importância na compreensão da anatomia tridimensional do cérebro. Um total de 20 hemisférios cerebrais foram dissecados. Usando a técnica de dissecação descrita por Kingler, pudemos demonstrar as estruturas que compõem a anatomia interna do cérebro. A anatomia da face súpero-lateral assim como da face medial foi apresentada. O uso e compreensão de novas técnicas de neuroimagem requerem um melhor conhecimento desta anatomia. O conhecimento adquirido com essa técnica contribuirá para o melhor entendimento de vias essenciais do sistema nervoso central

Combined supra/infratentorial approach to tentorial meningiomas Abordagem combinada supra e infratentorial aos meningiomas tentoriais

In spite of significant advancements in imaging technology, monitoring, and microsurgical techniques, complete and safe removal of tentorial meningiomas remains a challenge for most neurosurgeons. Classifications of tentorial meningiomas are revised. The combined supra/infratentorial approach to resects tentorial meningioma is discussed. This approach provides a wider exposure of the supra/infratentorial region with less brain retraction. With this approach the occipital lobe and the cerebellum are exposed along the tentorium. Two illustrative cases are presented. The patients were studied with computerized tomography, magnetic resonance and angiography. The anatomy of the transverse sinus and the confluence of the sinus could be appreciated with these studies. The operative technique is described stepwise. Emphasis is placed on pre-operative evaluation and surgical technique, leading to a total surgical removal of the lesion with margins of safety. The goal of surgical treatment of tentorial meningiomas is their complete and safe removal. With this unique approach we sought to confirm that it offers a safe means of resection not only the neoplasm but also the infiltrated dura.<br>Apesar dos significativos avanços na tecnologia de imagens, nas técnicas de monitorização e microcirúrgicas, a ressecção completa e segura dos meningiomas tentoriais permanece um desafio para maioria dos neurocirurgiões. A abordagem supra e infra-tentorial proporciona ampla exposição das regiões supra e infratentoriais diminuindo a retração cerebral. Com esse tipo de abordagem o lobo occiptal e o cerebelo são expostos ao longo da superficie tentorial. Dois casos ilustrativos são apresentados. Os pacientes foram avaliados com tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética e angiografia, o que permitiu estudar a anatomia do seio transverso, a confluência e dominancia dos seios. O objetivo do tratamento cirúrgico dos meningiomas tentoriais é a remoção completa e segura. A associação das imagens, o acesso combinado e a técnica microcirúrgica permitem a remoção cirúrgica total deste tipo de lesão e do implante dural com margens de segurança

Aircraft-based observations of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) in the tropical upper troposphere over the Amazon region

During the ACRIDICON-CHUVA field project (September–October 2014; based in Manaus, Brazil) aircraft-based in situ measurements of aerosol chemical composition were conducted in the tropical troposphere over the Amazon using the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO), covering altitudes from the boundary layer (BL) height up to 14.4 km. The submicron non-refractory aerosol was characterized by flash-vaporization/electron impact-ionization aerosol particle mass spectrometry. The results show that significant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation by isoprene oxidation products occurs in the upper troposphere (UT), leading to increased organic aerosol mass concentrations above 10 km altitude. The median organic mass concentrations in the UT above 10 km range between 1.0 and 2.5 µg m−3 (referring to standard temperature and pressure; STP) with interquartile ranges of 0.6 to 3.2 µg m−3 (STP), representing 78 % of the total submicron non-refractory aerosol particle mass. The presence of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) was confirmed by marker peaks in the mass spectra. We estimate the contribution of IEPOX-SOA to the total organic aerosol in the UT to be about 20 %. After isoprene emission from vegetation, oxidation processes occur at low altitudes and/or during transport to higher altitudes, which may lead to the formation of IEPOX (one oxidation product of isoprene). Reactive uptake or condensation of IEPOX on preexisting particles leads to IEPOX-SOA formation and subsequently increasing organic mass in the UT. This organic mass increase was accompanied by an increase in the nitrate mass concentrations, most likely due to NOx production by lightning. Analysis of the ion ratio of NO+ to NO+2 indicated that nitrate in the UT exists mainly in the form of organic nitrate. IEPOX-SOA and organic nitrates are coincident with each other, indicating that IEPOX-SOA forms in the UT either on acidic nitrate particles forming organic nitrates derived from IEPOX or on already neutralized organic nitrate aerosol particles.© Author(s) 201

Aerosol characteristics and particle production in the upper troposphere over the Amazon Basin

Airborne observations over the Amazon Basin showed high aerosol particle concentrations in the upper troposphere (UT) between 8 and 15 km altitude, with number densities (normalized to standard temperature and pressure) often exceeding those in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude. The measurements were made during the German–Brazilian cooperative aircraft campaign ACRIDICON–CHUVA, where ACRIDICON stands for "Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems" and CHUVA is the acronym for "Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud Resolving Modeling and to the GPM (global precipitation measurement)", on the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO). The campaign took place in September–October 2014, with the objective of studying tropical deep convective clouds over the Amazon rainforest and their interactions with atmospheric trace gases, aerosol particles, and atmospheric radiation. Aerosol enhancements were observed consistently on all flights during which the UT was probed, using several aerosol metrics, including condensation nuclei (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations and chemical species mass concentrations. The UT particles differed sharply in their chemical composition and size distribution from those in the PBL, ruling out convective transport of combustion-derived particles from the boundary layer (BL) as a source. The air in the immediate outflow of deep convective clouds was depleted of aerosol particles, whereas strongly enhanced number concentrations of small particles ( 90 nm) particles in the UT, which consisted mostly of organic matter and nitrate and were very effective CCN. Our findings suggest a conceptual model, where production of new aerosol particles takes place in the continental UT from biogenic volatile organic material brought up by deep convection and converted to condensable species in the UT. Subsequently, downward mixing and transport of upper tropospheric aerosol can be a source of particles to the PBL, where they increase in size by the condensation of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) oxidation products. This may be an important source of aerosol particles for the Amazonian PBL, where aerosol nucleation and new particle formation have not been observed. We propose that this may have been the dominant process supplying secondary aerosol particles in the pristine atmosphere, making clouds the dominant control of both removal and production of atmospheric particles.© Author(s) 201

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume I Introduction to DUNE

International audienceThe preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. This TDR is intended to justify the technical choices for the far detector that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. Volume I contains an executive summary that introduces the DUNE science program, the far detector and the strategy for its modular designs, and the organization and management of the Project. The remainder of Volume I provides more detail on the science program that drives the choice of detector technologies and on the technologies themselves. It also introduces the designs for the DUNE near detector and the DUNE computing model, for which DUNE is planning design reports. Volume II of this TDR describes DUNE's physics program in detail. Volume III describes the technical coordination required for the far detector design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. Volume IV describes the single-phase far detector technology. A planned Volume V will describe the dual-phase technology