Effects of an Oral Rehydration Solution with Added Bovine Serum Proteins on Small Intestinal Absorptive Capacity

Young calves commonly become infected with viruses and bacteria that damage the intestinal lining. To enhance recovery of small intestinal function following a coronavirus challenge, bovine serum proteins, containing IgG, TGF-β and other growth factors, were added to an oral rehydration solution (ORS) for 32 Holstein and Jersey calves. Calves were housed individually and offered water ad libitum and milk replacer at 10% of BW daily. Control calves were fed a control ORS (CON). The treated calves were fed an ORS that consisted of CON with added bovine serum proteins (GFR). After a 2 d adjustment, calves were orally challenged with a moderately virulent bovine coronavirus isolate. Xylose (0.5 g/kg of BW) was administered orally once daily for 6 d to assess small intestinal recovery. Hematocrits, fecal dry matter, rectal temperatures, attitude scores and dehydration scores were recorded once daily. Concentrations of serum xylose increased with time postdosing, but did not vary by treatment. Hematocrits and other clinical scores were not significantly different (P \u3e0.05) between treatments. In this model, bovine serum proteins did not appear to enhance intestinal recovery from a coronavirus challenge when added to ORS

Characterization of a Colostrum Replacer Containing IgG Concentrate and Growth Factors

The objective of this study was to characterize absorption of colostrum replacer (CR) or supplement (CS) containing fractions of bovine plasma. Immunoglobulin concentrate (IGC) was prepared from abattoir blood to a final purity of approximately 90% IgG. Blood was also processed to produce a fraction containing elevated concentrations of IGF-I and TGF-β (GF). Both IGC and GF were spray-dried and blended with other ingredients to produce CR (30% IgG) or CS (15% IgG) containing 0 or 5% GF. Forty Holstein bull calves were assigned to one of five treatments: 1) Pooled colostrum (MC) - 1.9 L of pooled colostrum at 1 and 8 h of age; 2) Low supplement (LC) - 1.9 L of CS at 1 and 8 h of age to provide 150 g of IgG; 3) Low supplement + GF (LG) - 1.9 L of a CS with GF at 1 and 8 h of age to provide 150 g of IgG; 4) High supplement (HC) - 1.9 L of CR at 1 h of age to provide 150 g of IgG and 1.9 L of a commercial milk replacer (MR) at 8 h of age; and 5) High supplement + GF (HG) - 1.9 L of a CR with GF at 1 h of age to provide 150 g of IgG and 1.9 L of a commercial MR at 8 h of age. Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption was higher for calves fed HC and HG compared to those fed LC and LG and was lower for calves fed LG and HG compared to those fed LC and HC. IgG concentrations at 24 h were highest in calves fed MC compared to other calves and were higher in calves fed HC and HG compared to LC and LG. Calves fed LG and HG had lower IgG concentrations at 24 h of age compared to those fed LC and HC. Xylose absorption was not influenced by treatment in calves fed HG, HC, and MC. These results indicate that 150 g of IgG provided in one dose soon after birth is superior to 150 g of IgG fed in two doses 7 h apart. Also, addition of a fraction of bovine plasma containing elevated concentrations of IGF-I and TGF-β to the CS and CR formulation decreased IgG absorption in the neonatal calf

Effect of Various Levels of Forage and Form of Diet on Rumen Development and Growth in Calves

The effect of form of starter grain (coarse versus ground) and inclusion of various levels of hay on rumen development was evaluated. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of form of diet and forage inclusion on intake, growth, feed efficiency and weaning age in dairy calves. Diets consisted of commercial coarse starter (C), ground starter (G), coarse starter with 7.5% bromegrass hay of consistent particle size (8 - 19 mm) (H1), and coarse starter with 15% hay (H2). In experiment 1, intake was held constant across treatments until weaning, when feed was offered ad libitum. Calves receiving H1 and H2 were heavier, had greater body weight gain and greater feed efficiency than calves receiving C. There were no differences in intake. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were higher and the proportion of acetate was lower for calves fed G versus C. In experiment 2, calves (n = 56) were offered diets on an ad libitum basis and weaned according to intake. There were no differences in body weight gain, average daily gain, feed efficiency and age at weaning with respect to treatment. Starter and total dry matter intake tended to be greater in calves fed H1 and H2 versus C. Addition of controlled particle size hay to diets of young calves appears to favorably alter rumen environment resulting in increased intake and improved feed efficiency. Forage of a consistent particle size can be successfully utilized in starter rations of young calves

The Use of Bovine Serum Protein as an Oral Support Therapy Following Coronavirus Challenge in Calves

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of feeding a supplemental bovine serum protein blend to calves challenged with virulent coronavirus. Twelve Holstein bull calves were orally challenged with 1 x 107 PFU of virulent coronavirus isolate. Infection was allowed to progress for a period of 24 h prior to the initiation of treatment. On d 1, treated calves began receiving 160 g of a blood serum protein blend (16 g IgG) mixed into milk replacer powder (67 g) at both the AM and PM feedings. Control calves received only milk replacer powder (227) at both feedings. Response to coronavirus challenge and dietary treatment was monitored prior to AM and PM feeding by the collection of multiple clinical measures. Fecal consistency was decreased (P\u3c0.01) by coronavirus challenge, but was not affected by dietary treatment. Mean daily rectal temperature and heart rate were not affected by dietary treatment. Average packed cell volume was higher (P\u3c0.01) in rreated calves compared to control (35.0 and 27.0 %). Coronavirus challenge resulted in an immediate increase in respiration rate, decreasing by d 7. Control calves tended to have a greater (P=0.06) average respiration rate compared to treated (28.7 vs. 26.8 breaths / min.). Treated calves had a higher (P=0.02) average feed intake versus control (0.57 vs. 0.44 kg/d). These data suggest that bovine serum supplemented milk replacer may decrease the severity of disease in young calves exposed to coronavirus. The ability of a dietary treatment to potentially alleviate symptoms of a viral enteric disease is of great importance to the dairy industry

Emerging Infectious Disease leads to Rapid Population Decline of Common British Birds

Emerging infectious diseases are increasingly cited as threats to wildlife, livestock and humans alike. They can threaten geographically isolated or critically endangered wildlife populations; however, relatively few studies have clearly demonstrated the extent to which emerging diseases can impact populations of common wildlife species. Here, we report the impact of an emerging protozoal disease on British populations of greenfinch Carduelis chloris and chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, two of the most common birds in Britain. Morphological and molecular analyses showed this to be due to Trichomonas gallinae. Trichomonosis emerged as a novel fatal disease of finches in Britain in 2005 and rapidly became epidemic within greenfinch, and to a lesser extent chaffinch, populations in 2006. By 2007, breeding populations of greenfinches and chaffinches in the geographic region of highest disease incidence had decreased by 35% and 21% respectively, representing mortality in excess of half a million birds. In contrast, declines were less pronounced or absent in these species in regions where the disease was found in intermediate or low incidence. Also, populations of dunnock Prunella modularis, which similarly feeds in gardens, but in which T. gallinae was rarely recorded, did not decline. This is the first trichomonosis epidemic reported in the scientific literature to negatively impact populations of free-ranging non-columbiform species, and such levels of mortality and decline due to an emerging infectious disease are unprecedented in British wild bird populations. This disease emergence event demonstrates the potential for a protozoan parasite to jump avian host taxonomic groups with dramatic effect over a short time period

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

NASA\u27s Human Contributions To Safety Data Testbed

NASA’s System-Wide Safety (SWS) Project conducted a high-fidelity flightsimulation study and curated a publicly available data and analysis coderepository, referred to as the Human Contributions to Safety (HC2S) Data Testbed.Publication of the HC2S Data Testbed data descriptor publication in the NatureScientific Data journal provides a detailed description of the research dataset aswell as methodological procedures, data management, and analysis approaches.The purpose of the HC2S Data Testbed is to enable empirical assessment ofresilient pilot behaviors and broaden the understanding of human contributions tosafety in commercial aviation. By framing safety as the capacity to succeed undervarying conditions, this work contributes directly to emerging concepts in Safety-IIand advances development of an In-time Aviation Safety Management Systems(IASMS)