Importancia, toxicogénesis y agresividad de especies pertenecientes a Gibberella fujikuroi en maíz en el Noroeste Argentino = Importance, Fumonisin production and aggressiveness of Gibberella fujikuroi complex recovered from maize in northwestern Argentina

Se estudió la composición, patogenicidad y toxicogénesis de aislamientos pertenecientes al complejo Gibberella fujikuroi en una de las regiones productoras de maíz de la región Noroeste de Argentina. Los resultados evidencian que el género Fusarium Sección Liseola está conformado por tres especies. La especie dominante fue la población tipo A (F. verticillioides), representada por un 53% seguida de la población tipo D (F. proliferatum) representando un 29 %. Y por último la población E (F. subglutinans) en un 18 %. Se detectó variabilidad entre aislamientos respecto a su agresividad hacia tres híbridos de maíz, con niveles de resistencia variable, sin que se haya observado un importante efecto de interacción híbrido× aislamiento. La producción de fumonisinas en los aislamientos de F. verticillioides varió de 4000 a 7457 ppb. Los correspondiente a la población de apareamiento tipo E (F. subglutinans) produjeron muy bajos niveles de fumonisinas variando de 0,1 a 0,54 a mg/kg (ppb). La información lograda en el presente trabajo representa un primer paso, para la región en estudio, hacia el conocimiento del patosistema Fusarium-maíz, a fin de determinar la importancia de esta enfermedad, y plantear las bases que conduzcan a delinear estrategias de manejo, dentro del marco de una agricultura sustentable.Mating population, in vitro fumonisin production and aggressiveness of maize isolates belonging to the Gibberella fujikuroi complex were assessed in corn producing area of northwestern Argentina. Mating population A (F. verticillioides) was the most prevalent species (53%) coexisting with some isolates belonging to MAT-D (F. proliferatum) 29% and MAT-E (F. subglutinans) 18%. Fumonisin production varied from 4000 to 7457 ųg/kg (ppb) for MAT-A and from 0,1 - 0,54 a ųg/kg for MATE. The isolates belonging to MAT-D produced undetectable levels. All isolates caused more disease severity to the most susceptible hybrid in comparison to that of the two moderately resistant hybrids regardless of the fungal species, in most environments, but with no effect for the interaction hybrid x isolate. Results indicate that these three Fusarium spp. coexist in the region, with low environmental specialization to cause ear rots, with potential to contaminate the grain with fumonisins and that, broad resistance mechanisms effective across prevalent local fungal species might exist. The information obtained in the present work represents a first step for the region under study and it will help to determine the importance of this disease, and to delineate management strategies within the framework of sustainable agriculture.EEA PergaminoFil: Díaz, C.G. Universidad Nacional Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Heredia, A.M. Universidad Nacional Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Iglesias, Juliana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino; ArgentinaFil: Presello, Daniel Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino; ArgentinaFil: Lori, Gladys Albina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología; Argentin

Genome-level analyses resolve an ancient lineage of symbiotic ascomycetes

Ascomycota account for about two-thirds of named fungal species.1 Over 98% of known Ascomycota belong to the Pezizomycotina, including many economically important species as well as diverse pathogens, decomposers, and mutualistic symbionts.2 Our understanding of Pezizomycotina evolution has until now been based on sampling traditionally well-defined taxonomic classes.3,4,5 However, considerable diversity exists in undersampled and uncultured, putatively early-diverging lineages, and the effect of these on evolutionary models has seldom been tested. We obtained genomes from 30 putative early-diverging lineages not included in recent phylogenomic analyses and analyzed these together with 451 genomes covering all available ascomycete genera. We show that 22 of these lineages, collectively representing over 600 species, trace back to a single origin that diverged from the common ancestor of Eurotiomycetes and Lecanoromycetes over 300 million years BP. The new clade, which we recognize as a more broadly defined Lichinomycetes, includes lichen and insect symbionts, endophytes, and putative mycorrhizae and encompasses a range of morphologies so disparate that they have recently been placed in six different taxonomic classes. To test for shared hidden features within this group, we analyzed genome content and compared gene repertoires to related groups in Ascomycota. Regardless of their lifestyle, Lichinomycetes have smaller genomes than most filamentous Ascomycota, with reduced arsenals of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes and secondary metabolite gene clusters. Our expanded genome sample resolves the relationships of numerous “orphan” ascomycetes and establishes the independent evolutionary origins of multiple mutualistic lifestyles within a single, morphologically hyperdiverse clade of fungi

Interwell coupling effect in Si/SiGe quantum wells grown by ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition

Si/Si0.66Ge0.34coupled quantum well (CQW) structures with different barrier thickness of 40, 4 and 2 nm were grown on Si substrates using an ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV-CVD) system. The samples were characterized using high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Blue shift in PL peak energy due to interwell coupling was observed in the CQWs following increase in the Si barrier thickness. The Si/SiGe heterostructure growth process and theoretical band structure model was validated by comparing the energy of the no-phonon peak calculated by the 6 + 2-bandk·pmethod with experimental PL data. Close agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental data was obtained

Anisotropic flow of charged hadrons, pions and (anti-)protons measured at high transverse momentum in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76 TeV

The elliptic, $v_2$, triangular, $v_3$, and quadrangular, $v_4$, azimuthal anisotropic flow coefficients are measured for unidentified charged particles, pions and (anti-)protons in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Results obtained with the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods are reported for the pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta|<0.8$ at different collision centralities and as a function of transverse momentum, $p_{\rm T}$, out to $p_{\rm T}=20$ GeV/$c$. The observed non-zero elliptic and triangular flow depends only weakly on transverse momentum for $p_{\rm T}>8$ GeV/$c$. The small $p_{\rm T}$ dependence of the difference between elliptic flow results obtained from the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods suggests a common origin of flow fluctuations up to $p_{\rm T}=8$ GeV/$c$. The magnitude of the (anti-)proton elliptic and triangular flow is larger than that of pions out to at least $p_{\rm T}=8$ GeV/$c$ indicating that the particle type dependence persists out to high $p_{\rm T}$.Comment: 16 pages, 5 captioned figures, authors from page 11, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/186

Centrality dependence of charged particle production at large transverse momentum in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}} = 2.76 TeV

The inclusive transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) distributions of primary charged particles are measured in the pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta|<0.8$ as a function of event centrality in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The data are presented in the $p_{\rm T}$ range $0.15<p_{\rm T}<50$ GeV/$c$ for nine centrality intervals from 70-80% to 0-5%. The Pb-Pb spectra are presented in terms of the nuclear modification factor $R_{\rm{AA}}$ using a pp reference spectrum measured at the same collision energy. We observe that the suppression of high-$p_{\rm T}$ particles strongly depends on event centrality. In central collisions (0-5%) the yield is most suppressed with $R_{\rm{AA}}\approx0.13$ at $p_{\rm T}=6$-7 GeV/$c$. Above $p_{\rm T}=7$ GeV/$c$, there is a significant rise in the nuclear modification factor, which reaches $R_{\rm{AA}} \approx0.4$ for $p_{\rm T}>30$ GeV/$c$. In peripheral collisions (70-80%), the suppression is weaker with $R_{\rm{AA}} \approx 0.7$ almost independently of $p_{\rm T}$. The measured nuclear modification factors are compared to other measurements and model calculations.Comment: 17 pages, 4 captioned figures, 2 tables, authors from page 12, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/284

Measurement of charm production at central rapidity in proton-proton collisions at s=2.76\sqrt{s} = 2.76 TeV

The $p_{\rm T}$-differential production cross sections of the prompt (B feed-down subtracted) charmed mesons D$^0$, D$^+$, and D$^{*+}$ in the rapidity range $|y|<0.5$, and for transverse momentum $1< p_{\rm T} <12$ GeV/$c$, were measured in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis exploited the hadronic decays D$^0 \rightarrow$K$\pi$, D$^+ \rightarrow$K$\pi\pi$, D$^{*+} \rightarrow$D$^0\pi$, and their charge conjugates, and was performed on a $L_{\rm int} = 1.1$ nb$^{-1}$ event sample collected in 2011 with a minimum-bias trigger. The total charm production cross section at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV and at 7 TeV was evaluated by extrapolating to the full phase space the $p_{\rm T}$-differential production cross sections at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV and our previous measurements at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV. The results were compared to existing measurements and to perturbative-QCD calculations. The fraction of cdbar D mesons produced in a vector state was also determined.Comment: 20 pages, 5 captioned figures, 4 tables, authors from page 15, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/307