Phase-change materials, systems and applications for low- and medium-temperature thermal energy storage

Determining the ideal size of compact thermal energy storage containers has been an issue for many building designers due to the difficulty of determining the transient performance of the thermal storage systems. Research and development of compact thermal energy storage systems has been ongoing for more than 80 years with phase change materials (PCMs) used to replace conventional water based thermal stores. PCMs have the potential to store larger amounts of energy when compared to water-based thermal stores over a narrow temperature range, providing a greater thermal storage capacity for the same available volume. This research was undertaken to investigate theoretically and experimentally the thermal behaviour of various PCMs and the overall decarbonisation potential when integrated into current heating and cooling systems. The overall aim was to develop algorithms that could determine optimal and cost effective compact thermal storage geometries and their system integration into the various heating and cooling applications studied. Three operating temperatures were selected based on the application: office space cooling (10 to 24$^\circ$C), residential domestic hot water and space heating (40 to 65$^\circ$C) and district heating (55 to 80$^\circ$C). The algorithms developed predict the energy performance and $CO_2$ emissions reduction for each application with a latent heat thermal storage system compared to a reference (current system design) case in each application. Previous research has focused on the melting behaviour of the PCM within a specific geometry, modelling the heat transfer fluid (HTF) in a separate analysis. The algorithms developed focus on the modelling of these 2 elements simultaneously within the respective application. This provided a useful tool to evaluate the thermal performance of each storage technology compared to the reference case in each application studied. The levelized costs of energy (LCOE) in each application were compared. It was found that in all cases studied, the latent heat thermal energy storage system is an expensive solution, compared to the reference case in each application (72\% more expensive in the office space cooling study, 69\% more expensive in the domestic hot water and space heating study and 9\% more expensive in the district heating study); although the obtained emission reductions are considerable (36\% by shifting daily cooling loads, 57\% by shifting domestic hot water and space heating loads and 11\% by utilizing industrial waste heat via a compact portable thermal store). Further integration of renewable energy sources and the electrification of current heating and cooling applications with the possibility of shifting heating and cooling loads into periods with lower carbon emissions can significantly contribute to meet the UK s 80\% carbon emissions reduction targets by 2050

Compact latent heat storage decarbonization potential for domestic hot water and space heating applications in the UK

A performance comparison is presented for a domestic space and hot water heating system with a conventional gas boiler and an air source heat pump (ASHP) with latent heat storage, both with solar thermal collectors for a typical UK climate, to demonstrate the potential of phase change material based energy storage in active heating applications. The latent heat thermal storage system consisted of 10 modules with RT54HC comprising a total storage capacity of 14.75kWh that provided 53% extra thermal storage capacity over the temperature range of 40 to 65°C compared to a water only store. The simulations predicted a potential yearly CO2 reduction of 56%, and a yearly energy reduction of 76% when operating the heat pumps using the economy 10 electricity tariff i.e a low tariff between 00.00-05.00 and 13.00-16.00 with current grid emission values compared to the conventional gas boiler system; successfully offsetting the electrical load to meet the required heat demand. Due to the high capital costs of the heat pump system with latent heat storage, its levelized cost of energy was 117.84£/MWh, compared to 69.66£/MWh for the gas boiler, on a 20-year life cycle

Thermal energy storage for low and medium temperature applications using phase change materials – a review

A comprehensive review of phase change materials (PCMs) with phase transition temperatures between 0 and 250 °C is presented. From that review, organic compounds and salt hydrates seem more promising below 100 °C and eutectic mixtures from 100 to 250 °C. Practical indirect heat exchanger designs for latent heat storage systems were also assessed and feasible heat enhancement mechanisms reviewed. The focus on this temperature range is due to potential CO2 emissions reduction able to be achieved replacing conventional heating and cooling applications in the domestic, commercial and public administration sectors, which represented around a quarter of the UK’s final energy consumption in 2015

Closed circuits : kinship, neighborhood and incarceration in urban Portugal

The notion that prisons are a ‘world apart’, with their walls severing prisoners from their external relationships, and incarceration an interruption, ‘time away’ spent in a separate social universe, has provided an adequate framework for understanding the social realities of imprisonment in the past. But it has also created an analytical dead angle that prevents us from identifying the ramifying social effects of concentrated incarceration upon both the prison and heavily penalized lower-class neighborhoods. This article addresses these effects with data from an ethnographic revisit of a major women’s prison in Portugal, where the recomposition of the inmate population that has accompanied the rapid inflation of the country’s carceral population is especially pronounced and entails the activation of wide-ranging carceralized networks bringing kinship and neighborhood into the prison as well as the prison into the domestic world. The analysis focuses on the ways whereby these constellations have transformed the experience of confinement and the texture of correctional life, calling for a reconsideration of the theoretical status of the prison as a ‘total institution’ and for exploring anew the boundary that separates it (or not) from outside worlds.Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research

Sphenomandibular Muscle Or Deep Bundle Of Temporal Muscle? [¿músculo Esfenomandibular O Fascículo Profundo Del Músculo Temporal?]

The muscle designated by a group of authors as the sphenomandibular or, according to recent studies, the deep bundle of the temporal muscle, presents important anatomical relationships, especially in a medical-odontological context. In view of this divergence, the aim of the present study was to observe the morphology by means of dissection of the formaldehyde-preserved heads, using two different techniques to access the muscle region in question, designated as trans-zygomatic and frontal access routes. The results permitted, by observation of the dissections frontally, the presence of fascicles standing apart from the deep bundle muscle venter, which was named intermediary bundle. This bundle presented two portions, a meaty upper portion and a tendinous lower portion, which continues with the tendinous part of the superficial bundle present on the internal surface of the coronoid process. In view of the material observations, it can be concluded that, due to the total absence of muscular fascia between its bundles, the temporal muscle is a unique entity presenting three bundles - the deep, the intermediate and the superficial.31411581161Chiarugi, G., (1924) Systematic anatomy: Apparecchio Muscolare-Apparecchio Vascolare. Anatomy dell'uomo, , 2a ed. Milano, Società Editrice LibrariaDunn, G.F., Hack, G.D., Robinson, W.L., Koritzer, R.T., Anatomical observation of a craniomandibular muscle originating from the skull base: The sphenomandibularis (1996) Cranio, 14 (2), pp. 97-103. , discussion 104-5Ernest III, E.A., Martinez, M.E., Rydzewski, D.B., Salter, E.G., Photomicrographic evidence of insertion tendonosis: The etiologic factor in pain goes temporary tendonitis (1991) J. Prosthet. Dent., 65 (1), pp. 127-131Gardner, E., Gray, J.D., O'Rahilly, R., (1978) Anatomy-I Study regional of the Human Body, , 4th ed. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara KooganGaudy, J.F., Zouaoui, A., Bravetti, P., Charrier, J.L., Laison, F., Functional anatomy of the human temporal muscle (2001) Surg. Radiol. Anat., 23 (6), pp. 389-398Geers, C., Nyssen-Behets, C., Cosnard, G., Lengelé, B., The deep belly of the temporalis muscle: An anatomical, histological and MRI study (2005) Surg. Radiol. Anat., 27 (3), pp. 184-191Miller, J.A., (1991) Craniomandibular Muscles: Their Roles in Function and Form, , Boca Raton, CRC PressPoirier, A., Les muscles de la tõte et du cou (1912) Traité d'anatomie humaine., , In: Poirier A. & Charpa, A. (Eds.). Paris, MassonRamalho, L.R.T., Landucci, C., Porciúncula, H.F., Estudo macro e mesoscopico do feixe profundo do músculo temporal humano (1978) Rev. Fac. Odontol. Araquarara, 1, pp. 105-110Sedlmayr, J.C., Kirsch, C.F., Wisco, J.J., The human temporalis muscle: Superficial, deep, and zygomatic parts comprise one structural unit (2009) Clin. Anat., 22 (6), pp. 655-664Shankland II, W.E., Negulesco, J.A., O'Brian, B., The "preanterior belly" of the temporalis muscle: A preliminary study of a newly described muscle (1996) Cranio, 14 (2), pp. 106-113Shimokawa, T., Akita, K., Soma, K., Sato, T., Innervation analysis of the small muscle bundles attached to the temporalis: Truly new muscles or merely derivates of the temporalis? (1998) Surg. Radiol. Anat., 20 (5), pp. 329-334Shon Ybarra, M.A., Bauer, B., Medial portion of muscle temporalis and its potential involvement in facial pain (2001) Clin. Anat., 14 (1), pp. 25-30Sicher, H., Tandler, J., (1981) Anatomy for Dentists, , São Paulo, AtheneuTürp, J.C., Cowley, T., Stohler, C.S., Media hype: Musculus sphenomandibularis (1997) Acta Anat. (Basel), 158 (2), pp. 150-15

Integrated Health Service Delivery Networks And Tuberculosis Avoidable Hospitalizations: Is There A Relation Between Them In Brazil?

The early identification of the Breathing Symptoms within the scope of Primary Health Care is recommended, and is also one of the strategies of national sanitary authorities for reaching the elimination of tuberculosis. The purpose of this study is to consider which attributes and which territories have shown the most significant progress in Primary Health Care, in terms of coordination of Health Care Networks, and also check if those areas of Primary Health Care that are most critical regarding coordination, there were more or less cases of avoidable hospitalizations for tuberculosis. Methods: This is an ecological study that uses primary and secondary data. For analysis, coropletic maps were developed through the ArcGIS software, version 10.2. There was also the calculation of gross annual and Bayesian rates for hospitalizations for tuberculosis, for each Primary Health Care territory. Results: There were satisfactory results for attributes such as Population (n = 37; 80.4 %), Primary Health Care (n = 43; 93.5 %), Support System (n = 45; 97.8 %); the exceptions were Logistics System (n = 32; 76.0 %) and Governance System, with fewer units in good condition (n = 31; 67.3 %). There is no evidence of any connection between networks' coordination by Primary Health Care and tuberculosis avoidable admissions. Conclusion: The results show that progress has been made regarding the coordination of the Health Care Networks, and a positive trend has been shown, even though the levels are not excellent. It was found no relationship between the critical areas of Primary Health Care and tuberculosis avoidable hospitalizations, possibly because other variables necessary to comprehend the phenomena. © 2016 Popolin et al.16

Alginate-nanohydroxyapatite hydrogel system: Optimizing the formulation for enhanced bone regeneration

Ceramic/polymer-based biocomposites have emerged as potential biomaterials to fill, replace, repair or regenerate injured or diseased bone, due to their outstanding features in terms of biocompatibility, bioactivity, injectability, and biodegradability. However, these properties can be dependent on the amount of ceramic component present in the polymer-based composite. Therefore, in the present study, the influence of nanohydroxyapatite content (30 to 70 wt%) on alginate-based hydrogels was studied in order to evaluate the best formulation for maximizing bone tissue regeneration. The composite system was characterized in terms of physic-chemical properties and biological response, with in vitro cytocompatibility assessment with human osteoblastic cells and ex vivo functional evaluation in embryonic chick segmental bone defects. The main morphological characteristics of the alginate network were not affected by the addition of nanohydroxyapatite. However, physic-chemical features, like water-swelling rate, stability at extreme pH values, apatite formation, and Ca2+ release were nanoHA dose-dependent. Within in vitro cytocompatibility assays it was observed that hydrogels with nanoHA 30% content enhanced osteoblastic cells proliferation and expression of osteogenic transcription factors, while those with higher concentrations (50 and 70%) decreased the osteogenic cell response. Ex vivo data underlined the in vitro findings, revealing an enhanced collagenous deposition, trabecular bone formation and matrix mineralization with Alg-nanoHA30 composition, while compositions with higher nanoHA content induced a diminished bone tissue response. The outcomes of this study indicate that nanohydroxyapatite concentration plays a major role in physic-chemical properties and biological response of the composite system and the optimization of the components ratio must be met to maximize bone tissue regeneration.This work was financed by FEDER – Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020 – Operacional Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Portugal 2020, by Portuguese funds through FCT/MCTES in the framework of the project “institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences” (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274), by Project Biotherapies (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012) and by Joana Barrosʼ PhD grant (SFRH/BD/102148/2014). The authors would also like to acknowledge Rui Rocha (CEMUP), Rui Fernandes (HEMS), Rossana Correia (HEMS) and Liliana Grenho (FMDUP).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results