The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.Peer reviewe

Scoping potential routes to UK civil unrest via the food system: Results of a structured expert elicitation

We report the results of a structured expert elicitation to identify the most likely typesof potential food system disruption scenarios for the UK, focusing on routes to civil unrest. Wetake a backcasting approach by defining as an end-point a societal event in which 1 in 2000 peoplehave been injured in the UK, which 40% of experts rated as “Possible (20–50%)”, “More likely thannot (50–80%)” or “Very likely (>80%)” over the coming decade. Over a timeframe of 50 years, thisincreased to 80% of experts. The experts considered two food system scenarios and ranked theirplausibility of contributing to the given societal scenario. For a timescale of 10 years, the majorityidentified a food distribution problem as the most likely. Over a timescale of 50 years, the expertswere more evenly split between the two scenarios, but over half thought the most likely route tocivil unrest would be a lack of total food in the UK. However, the experts stressed that the variouscauses of food system disruption are interconnected and can create cascading risks, highlighting theimportance of a systems approach. We encourage food system stakeholders to use these results intheir risk planning and recommend future work to support prevention, preparedness, response andrecovery planning

Méthode de compensation des déformations cérébrales par imagerie ultrasonore intraopératoire pour la neurochirurgie guidée par l'image

Cette thèse aborde le problème de la compensation des déformations cérébrales survenant au cours des opérations neurochirurgicales. Ces déformations des structures cérébrales dégradent la précision des systèmes de neuronavigation, ce qui limite leur utilisation tout au long de la procédure neurochirurgicale. La compensation de ces déformations est aujourd'hui l'un des enjeux majeurs de la neurochirurgie guidée par l'image. La méthode proposée repose sur le recalage non rigide d'images échographiques intraopératoires de type main libre et d'images préopératoires obtenues par résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN). Afin de réaliser ce recalage non rigide multimodal, un processus incluant différents traitements est détaillé dans ce manuscrit. Tout d'abord, une nouvelle méthode de reconstruction tridimensionnelle des images échographiques de type main libre est présentée. Puis, un travail portant sur le filtre de débruitage des moyennes non locales est proposé. Ce travail aborde deux aspects: l'amélioration de la qualité du débruitage avec une réduction du temps de calcul d'une part, et l'adaptation de ce filtre aux caractéristiques du chatoiement présent dans les images ultrasonores d'autre part. Finalement, une nouvelle approche du problème de recalage des images ultrasonores et des images obtenues par RMN est décrite. Ces différents traitements sont integrés au sein d'une chaîne entièrement automatique de compensation des déformations cérébrales. Les premiers résultats obtenus sur les images de quatre patients sont présentés à la fin de ce document.This thesis deals with the compensation of brain deformations which occur during neurosurgical procedures. Neuroavigation systems have become a very attractive tool in surgical planning and procedure. However, the accuracy and usefulness of such systems are limited in presence of soft-tissue deformations. In neurosurgery, this phenomenon is called brain shift''. At present, the compensation of the brain shift'' is one of the most important challenge in image-guided neurosurgery. The contribution of this thesis deals with non rigid registration between intraoperative ultrasound images and preoperative magnetic resonance images (MRI). In order to achieve this multimodal non rigid registration, several processes are described in this manuscript. First, a new method for 3D reconstruction of freehand ultrasounds is presented. Based on the incorporation of the probe trajectory during the interpolation step, this approach allows to improve the reconstruction quality. Then, a study on the non local means denoising filter is proposed. This contribution is twofold: the improvement of the denoising quality with a reduction of the computational time, and the adaptation of this filter to the speckle. Finally, a new framework for multimodal registration of ultrasound images and MRI is presented. Based on the probability for a voxel to be include in a hyperechogenic structure, this framework allows to achieve a robust and accurate registration. All these processes are integrated into an automatic workflow to compensate for brain shift. First results obtained on four real data sets are presented.RENNES1-BU Sciences Philo (352382102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Réalisation technique et scientifique. Approche juridique

The technical and scientific realization, and also the reglementation approach of detailed Health Risk Assessments for Impact Studies and for contaminated sites are described.This publication described in detail :– methods for definition of exposition scenarios,– exposition quantification,– quantification of health, risks,– the legal context for detailed Health Risk assessments,– the definitions of acceptable and not-acceptable risks.The use and the utility of Health Risk Assessments are described for the French legal context in civil and penal laws.La réalisation technique et scientifique ainsi que l’approche juridique des évaluations détaillées de risques (EDR) pour les études d’impacts et les sites pollués sont décrites dans la publication ci-jointe.La présente publication décrit en détail :– les méthodes de définition des scénarios d’expositions,– la quantification des expositions,– la quantification des risques pour la santé– le code d’application des évaluations détaillées des risques sanitaires dans son contexte juridique français,– les définitions des risques acceptables et non-acceptables.L’utilisation et l’utilité des évaluations des risques sanitaires sont exposées dans le cadre du droit privé et pénal français

Inferring tendon mechanical properties using ultrasound imaging

International audienc

Scoping Potential Routes to UK Civil Unrest via the Food System: Results of a Structured Expert Elicitation

Peer reviewed: TrueAcknowledgements: We are very grateful to the other participants not included as authors who took the survey, including Dan Crossley, Sue Davies, Katie Palmer, Anna Taylor, Alex Read and those who did not opt in to being named. Thank you to Adam Amara for helpful discussions about the framing of the study. We are grateful to Ben Dare for assistance in formatting and proofreading. The contents of this paper should not be taken to represent the views of the UK Government or the organisations to which the authors are affiliated.Publication status: PublishedFunder: Met Office Food, Farming and Natural Environment Climate ServiceFunder: Met Office Hadley Centre Climate ProgrammeFunder: DSITWe report the results of a structured expert elicitation to identify the most likely types of potential food system disruption scenarios for the UK, focusing on routes to civil unrest. We take a backcasting approach by defining as an end-point a societal event in which 1 in 2000 people have been injured in the UK, which 40% of experts rated as “Possible (20–50%)”, “More likely than not (50–80%)” or “Very likely (&gt;80%)” over the coming decade. Over a timeframe of 50 years, this increased to 80% of experts. The experts considered two food system scenarios and ranked their plausibility of contributing to the given societal scenario. For a timescale of 10 years, the majority identified a food distribution problem as the most likely. Over a timescale of 50 years, the experts were more evenly split between the two scenarios, but over half thought the most likely route to civil unrest would be a lack of total food in the UK. However, the experts stressed that the various causes of food system disruption are interconnected and can create cascading risks, highlighting the importance of a systems approach. We encourage food system stakeholders to use these results in their risk planning and recommend future work to support prevention, preparedness, response and recovery planning.</jats:p