Chloridodimeth­yl(thio­semi­carbazide)tin(IV) chloride

In the title salt, [Sn(CH3)2Cl(CH4N3S)]Cl, the SnIV atom is five-coordinated in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry with two methyl groups and one S atom in the equatorial plane, and one N atom and one Cl atom occupying the apical positions. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds with set graph-motif C(4) along [010]. N—H⋯ Cl hydrogen bonds with graph-set motif D(2) and D 3 3(10) link cations and anions

Impacto de la altitud sobre la mortalidad por Covid-19 en Colombia: un estudio transversal

Objective. To estimate the proportion of deaths in confirmed cases according to altitude categories (low, medium, and high), and to evaluate a possible association between altitude and COVID-19 mortality in Colombia during the first two waves of the pandemic. Methods. Cross-sectional, analytical study. Adults residing in Colombia during 2020, with microbiological confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. We calculated CFR using a binomial confidence interval, dividing altitude in three categories. We also performed a logistic regression model to evaluate the association between altitude and COVID-19 mortality. Results. Data on confirmed cases of COVID-19 during the period from March 06, 2020, to December 15, 2020, reported in 1,112 municipalities in Colombia were analyzed. A total of 994,738 confirmed cases were reported, including 32,034 deaths (0,03%). The mean age of cases was 39,8 years and 504,476 (50,4%) were male. The altitude range varied between 0 m to 3,350 m. The CFR was 0,042 (CI 95% 0,042 - 0,043; p value <0.001); 0,027 (CI 95% 0,027 - 0,028; p value <0.001) and 0,026 (CI 95% 0,025 - 0.026; p value <0.001) for low, middle, and high altitude, respectively. We found that for each km increase in altitude, the probability of dying from COVID-19 decreases by 20% (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.785 - 0.815; p value <0.001), controlled by biological sex, age and number of inhabitants per municipality. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that the altitude is a potential protective factor against COVID-19 mortality according to data from a Colombian population during the first two waves of the epidemic.Objetivo. Estimar la proporción de muertes en los casos confirmados según las categorías de altitud (baja, media y alta) y evaluar una posible asociación entre el grado de altitud y la mortalidad por COVID-19 en Colombia, durante las dos primeras olas de la epidemia. Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal, analítico. La población de estudio fueron adultos residentes en Colombia durante 2020, con confirmación microbiológica de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Se calculó la tasa de letalidad utilizando un intervalo de confianza binomial, dividiendo la altitud en tres categorías. También se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre la altitud y la mortalidad por COVID-19. Resultados. Se analizaron los datos de casos confirmados de COVID-19 durante el periodo comprendido entre el 06 de marzo de 2020 y el 15 de diciembre de 2020, reportados en 1.112 municipios de Colombia. Se notificaron un total de 994.738 casos confirmados, incluidas 32.034 muertes (0,03%). La edad media de los casos fue de 39,8 años y 504.476 (50,4%) eran varones. El rango de altitud varió entre 0 m y 3.350 m. La tasa de letalidad estimada fue de 0,042 (IC 95% 0,042 - 0,043; valor de p <0,001); 0,027 (IC 95% 0,027 - 0,028; valor de p <0,001) y 0,026 (IC 95% 0,025 - 0,026; valor de p <0,001) para altitud baja, media y alta, respectivamente. Encontramos que, por cada km de aumento de altitud, la probabilidad de morir por COVID-19 disminuye un 20% (OR 0,8; IC 95% 0,785 - 0,815; valor de p <0,001), controlando por variables como sexo biológico, edad y número de habitantes por municipio. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la altitud es un potencial factor protector frente a la mortalidad por COVID-19 de acuerdo con datos de población colombiana, durante las primeras dos olas de la pandemia

Birth elicits a conserved neuroendocrine response with implications for perinatal osmoregulation and neuronal cell death

Long-standing clinical findings report a dramatic surge of vasopressin in umbilical cord blood of the human neonate, but the neural underpinnings and function(s) of this phenomenon remain obscure. We studied neural activation in perinatal mice and rats, and found that birth triggers activation of the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. This was seen whether mice were born vaginally or via Cesarean section (C-section), and when birth timing was experimentally manipulated. Neuronal phenotyping showed that the activated neurons were predominantly vasopressinergic, and vasopressin mRNA increased fivefold in the hypothalamus during the 2–3 days before birth. Copeptin, a surrogate marker of vasopressin, was elevated 30-to 50-fold in plasma of perinatal mice, with higher levels after a vaginal than a C-section birth. We also found an acute decrease in plasma osmolality after a vaginal, but not C-section birth, suggesting that the difference in vasopressin release between birth modes is functionally meaningful. When vasopressin was administered centrally to newborns, we found an ~ 50% reduction in neuronal cell death in specific brain areas. Collectively, our results identify a conserved neuroendocrine response to birth that is sensitive to birth mode, and influences peripheral physiology and neurodevelopment.Fil: Hoffiz, Yarely C.. Georgia State University; Estados UnidosFil: Castillo Ruiz, Alexandra. Georgia State University; Estados UnidosFil: Hall, Megan A. L.. Georgia State University; Estados UnidosFil: Hite, Taylor A.. Georgia State University; Estados UnidosFil: Gray, Jennifer M.. Georgia State University; Estados UnidosFil: Cisternas, Carla Daniela. Georgia State University; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra; ArgentinaFil: Cortes, Laura R.. Georgia State University; Estados UnidosFil: Jacobs, Andrew J.. Georgia State University; Estados UnidosFil: Forger, Nancy G.. Georgia State University; Estados Unido

Estado del arte de la quinua en el mundo en 2013

Alimento de base de las poblaciones andinas desde hace milenios, la quinua se ha convertido hoy en un producto apreciado en el mercado internacional de alimentos dietéticos, orgánicos y equitativos. Este cambio lo iniciaron los mismos productores del Altiplano Sur de Bolivia hace aproximadamente unos 40 años. En medio de un desierto de altura, ellos lograron desarrollar una floreciente producción agrícola de exportación. Aunque cuentan con lucrativos nichos de mercado, los productores de quinua no son agricultores especializados, ni residen de forma permanente en la zona de producción. Estas son algunas de las paradojas que caracterizan la producción de quinua en el Altiplano Sur de Bolivia. Después de describir el origen, la diversidad y los rasgos biológicos del ecotipo Quinua Real en el cual se basa la producción de esta zona, se plantea la importancia de la quinua en los agrosistemas locales y, más allá, en los sistemas de actividades agrícolas y no agrícolas manejados por las familias del Altiplano Sur. Movilidad geográfica y pluriactividad forman parte del modo de vida ancestral de estas poblaciones y determinan hasta hoy en día las condiciones de uso de los recursos territoriales y la organización de los productores en el contexto del auge comercial de la quinua. La producción actual de quinua en la región presenta rasgos de vulnerabilidad agroecológica y social, así como capacidades adaptativas para enfrentarlos. Se resaltan como puntos clave para la sostenibilidad de los agrosistemas locales : i) la concertación de reglas comunales e individuales para el acceso y uso de la tierra en agrosistemas socialmente equitativos y equilibrados entre cultivo y ganadería, ii) las normas internacionales para el reconocimiento de la Quinua Real en los mercados de exportación, iii) una actualización continua de las reglas y normas para mantener la adaptabilidad de los agrosistemas locales a los cambios imprevisibles del contexto socio-ecológico a varias escalas de espacio y de tiempo

Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum, filariae and Wolbachia spp. in dogs from southern Portugal

Background: Leishmaniosis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and dirofilariosis caused by the nematodes Dirofilaria immitis or Dirofilaria repens are vector-borne zoonoses widely present in the Mediterranean basin. In addition, some studies reported that the endosymbiont Wolbachia spp. play a role in the biology and pathogenesis of filarial parasites. The aim of this work was to evaluate the frequency of mono-and co-infections by L. infantum, filariae and Wolbachia spp. and their association with clinical signs in dogs from the south of Portugal. Leishmanial, filarial and Wolbachia spp. DNA were evaluated by specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays in blood samples from 230 dogs.Findings: One hundred and thirty-nine (60.4 %) dogs were qPCR-positive for L. infantum and 26 (11.3 %) for filariae (24 for D. immitis only, one D. immitis and for Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides and another one for Acanthocheilonema reconditum only). Wolbachia spp. DNA was amplified from 16 (64.0 %) out of the 25 D. immitis-positive dogs. Nineteen (8.3 %) dogs were co-infected with L. infantum and D. immitis, including the one (0.4 %) A. drancunculoides-positive animal. In dogs without clinical signs consistent with leishmaniosis and/or dirofilariosis, L. infantum prevalence was 69 %, whereas in those dogs with at least one clinical manifestation compatible with any of the two parasitoses prevalence was 42.7 %. Leishmania prevalence was significantly higher in apparently healthy mongrels (77.2 %) and pets (76.9 %) than in defined-breed dogs (including crosses; 58.8 %) and in dogs with an aptitude other than pet (i.e. farm, guard, hunting, shepherd or stray), respectively, whereas in those dogs with at least one clinical sign, the detection of L. infantum DNA was higher in males (53.3 %) and in those dogs not receiving insect repellents (52.8 %).Conclusions: The molecular detection of canine vector-borne disease (CVBD) agents, some of which are zoonotic, reinforces the need to implement efficient prophylactic measures, such as insect repellents and macrocyclic lactones (including compliance to administration), in the geographical areas where these agents are distributed, with the view to prevent infection and disease among mammalian hosts including humans

Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease and Other Diseases Affect Adults and Recruits of Major Reef Builders at Different Spatial Scales in the Dominican Republic

Monitoring programs can help understand coral disease dynamics. Here, we present results from a national program in the Dominican Republic (DR) aimed at evaluating coral diseases 3 times a year following a nested spatial design. Prevalence of coral diseases in DR varied from sites to regions, suggesting that disease dynamics can be driven by local processes and/or across larger spatial scales. Three diseases were common: Dark Spot (DSD), Yellow Band (YBD) and Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD). DSD and YBD were more prevalent across the western coast (north and south), whereas SCTLD was restricted for the study period to the northern coast. SCTLD has become endemic in the northwestern coast, epizootic in the northeastern, and absent in other sites across DR. SCTLD prevalence in the northwest was below 10% across sites, whereas in the northeast it varied from 2.13±3.69% (mean± sd) to 38.7±13.55% in Galeras and from 1.9±0.99% to 38.5±19.8% in Samaná. Over 10 coral species were affected by SCTLD in DR, with Pseudodiploria spp, Dendrogyra cylindrus, Eusmilia fastigiata, Siderastrea siderea, Montastraea cavernosa and Meandrina spp, being the most susceptible. We observed SCTLD affecting recruits and juvenile corals with 5% prevalence on average. Furthermore, we observed Oreaster reticulatus climbing on 1% healthy and 27% SCTLD P. strigosa colonies in Samaná. We conclude that SCTLD is a serious problem in DR, producing rapid loss of coral cover of major reef builders that are locally used for propagation efforts. This monitoring plan will provide future insights to design more effective disease responses

Standalone vertex finding in the ATLAS muon spectrometer

A dedicated reconstruction algorithm to find decay vertices in the ATLAS muon spectrometer is presented. The algorithm searches the region just upstream of or inside the muon spectrometer volume for multi-particle vertices that originate from the decay of particles with long decay paths. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using both a sample of simulated Higgs boson events, in which the Higgs boson decays to long-lived neutral particles that in turn decay to bbar b final states, and pp collision data at √s = 7 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC during 2011

Measurements of Higgs boson production and couplings in diboson final states with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

Measurements are presented of production properties and couplings of the recently discovered Higgs boson using the decays into boson pairs, H →γ γ, H → Z Z∗ →4l and H →W W∗ →lνlν. The results are based on the complete pp collision data sample recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at centre-of-mass energies of √s = 7 TeV and √s = 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 25 fb−1. Evidence for Higgs boson production through vector-boson fusion is reported. Results of combined fits probing Higgs boson couplings to fermions and bosons, as well as anomalous contributions to loop-induced production and decay modes, are presented. All measurements are consistent with expectations for the Standard Model Higgs boson

Measurement of the top quark-pair production cross section with ATLAS in pp collisions at \sqrt{s}=7\TeV

A measurement of the production cross-section for top quark pairs(\ttbar) in $pp$ collisions at \sqrt{s}=7 \TeV is presented using data recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events are selected in two different topologies: single lepton (electron $e$ or muon $\mu$) with large missing transverse energy and at least four jets, and dilepton ($ee$, $\mu\mu$ or $e\mu$) with large missing transverse energy and at least two jets. In a data sample of 2.9 pb-1, 37 candidate events are observed in the single-lepton topology and 9 events in the dilepton topology. The corresponding expected backgrounds from non-\ttbar Standard Model processes are estimated using data-driven methods and determined to be $12.2 \pm 3.9$ events and $2.5 \pm 0.6$ events, respectively. The kinematic properties of the selected events are consistent with SM \ttbar production. The inclusive top quark pair production cross-section is measured to be \sigmattbar=145 \pm 31 ^{+42}_{-27} pb where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The measurement agrees with perturbative QCD calculations.Comment: 30 pages plus author list (50 pages total), 9 figures, 11 tables, CERN-PH number and final journal adde

Measurement of the top quark pair cross section with ATLAS in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV using final states with an electron or a muon and a hadronically decaying τ lepton

A measurement of the cross section of top quark pair production in proton-proton collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is reported. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.05 fb -1. Events with an isolated electron or muon and a τ lepton decaying hadronically are used. In addition, a large missing transverse momentum and two or more energetic jets are required. At least one of the jets must be identified as originating from a b quark. The measured cross section, σtt-=186±13(stat.)±20(syst.)±7(lumi.) pb, is in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction