A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

New lead-tellurium oxo compounds : structure determination and thermal behaviour

Zsfassung in dt. SpracheVerbindung welche zweiwertiges Blei enthalten, zeigen aufgrund der stereochemischen Aktivität des freien 6s2-Elektronenpaars oft interessante elektrochemische Eigenschaften. Einige dieser Verbindungen zählen zur Strukturfamilie der Perowskite, welche ebenfalls für ihr ferroelektrisches und supraleitendes Verhalten bekannt sind.Ziel war es, neue Blei-Tellur-Sauerstoffverbindungen, zu synthetisieren und die Struktur dieser anschließend mit Einkristallröntgendiffraktion zu untersuchen. Einige weitere - bereits literaturbekannte - Verbindungen wurden neu bestimmt. Unter besonderer Beobachtung stand dabei der Einfluss des freien Elektronenpaar von Pb(II) Kations auf die untersuchten Strukturenunter anderem in Anwesenheit weiterer zweiwertiger Kationen. Einige phasenreine mikrokristalline Proben wurden mittels DSC, TG und temperaturabhängiger XRPD gemessen. Es war möglich, sechs neue Verbindungen zu synthetisieren und die Struktur dieser zu bestimmen. Pb5TeO8, Pb6CdTeO10, Pb6Co9Te5O30, Pb2CaTeO6 und Pb2CdTeO6, sowie PbAl8Ca2O15.Die Strukturen von Pb2TeO5, Pb2CoTeO6 und Pb2MnTeO6 wurden neu bestimmt und ergaben andere Resultate als in der Literatur beschrieben wurde.Vier weitere Verbindungen konnten synthetisiert werden, und vorläufige Strukturmodelle beschrieben werden. Dies sind PbCa4Te3O14, PbCuTeO5 und Pb22Te7AlO44.5, Al-freie Strukturen dieser Verbindung, beziehungsweise Verbindungen in denen Al durch ein anderes zweiwertiges Kation ersetzt wurde. Die Stereoaktivität des Pb(II) 6s2 Elektronenpaares machte sich bei fast allen untersuchten Strukturen bemerkbar. Für Pb(II) wurden Koordinationszahlen zwischen 4 und 12 ermittelt, im Gegensatz zur regelmäßigen oktaedrischen Koordination von Te(VI). Die Koordinationspolyeder der anderen zweiwertigen Kationen waren zumeist stark verzerrt, wobei eine Koordinationszahl von 6 am häufigsten zu finden war. Die Untersuchung am thermischen Verhalten von Pb5TeO8, Pb6CdTeO10, Pb2CaTeO6 und Pb2CdTeO6 zeigte eine Zersetzung aller Proben ab etwa 830°C. Die beiden Doppelperowskitverbindungen zeigten außerdem umkehrbare Phasenübergänge bei 235°C und 281°C von der monoklinen zur kubischer Metrik.Compounds containing Pb(II) cations can bear interesting electric properties, due to the stereoactive 6s2 electron lone pair.Some of these structures adapt to the perovskite family, which is also known for its ferroelectric and superconducting properties. The aim of this work was to synthesise new lead- tellurium oxo compounds and determine their structure with single-crystal X-ray diffraction.Other already known compounds were reinvestigated due to questionable reported structures. A focus was laid upon the role of the Pb 6s2 electron lone pair on its effect on the structures, also in the presence of other divalent cations. Some phase-pure microcrystalline samples were measured with DSC, TG and temperature-dependent XRPD. It was possible to synthesise and solve the structures of six new compounds. These were Pb5TeO8, Pb6CdTeO10, Pb6Co9Te5O30, Pb2CaTeO6 and Pb2CdTeO6, as well as PbAl8Ca2O15.The structure of Pb2TeO5, Pb2CoTeO6 and Pb2MnTeO6 were reinvestigated with different results as described in the literature. The structures of four more compounds are provided as well, with preliminary structure models These are PbCa4Te3O14, PbCuTeO5 und Pb22Te7AlO44.5, as well as some of its derivatives not containing Al and other divalent cations, respectively. The stereochemical activity of the Pb(II) 6s2 electron lone pair was observed for almost all structures, but resulted only in one case in a non-centrosymmetric structure (Pb6CdTeO10). Coordination numbers between 4 and 12 were determined for Pb(II), whereas Te(VI) always build up regular octahedral coordination spheres. The coordination spheres of the other divalent cations were often seriously distorted, commonly with a coordination number of 6. The study of the thermal behaviour Pb5TeO8, Pb6CdTeO10, Pb2CaTeO6 and Pb2CdTeO6 showed decomposition of all compounds above about 830°C. The two double-perovskite compounds additionally showed reversible phase transitions at 235°C and 281°C, respectively, from the monoclinic to the cubic metric.12

Pb6Co9(TeO6)5

Pb6Co9(TeO6)5, hexalead(II) nonacobalt(II) pentatellurate(VI), is isotypic with its nickel(II) analogue. The asymmetric unit contains two Pb atoms (site symmetries .2., ..2), four Co atoms (..2, ..2, 3.., 3.2) two Te atoms (..2, 3..) and six O atoms (all in general positions), with the Te and Co sites in octahedral coordination environments. The crystal structure can be subdivided into two types of layers parallel to (001). The first layer at z ≃ 0.25 is made up of edge-sharing [CoO6] and [TeO6] octahedra, with 1/6 of the octahedral holes not occupied. The second layer, situated at z ≃ 0, consist of an alternating arrangement of PbII atoms and of double octahedra that are made up from face-sharing [CoO6] and [TeO6] octahedra. The two types of layers are linked together through corner-sharing of [CoO6] and [TeO6] octahedra. The PbII atoms are situated in the cavities of the framework and are stereochemically active with one-sided [4]- and [6]-coordinations, respectively

Relationship between structures and activities of supported metal vanadates for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

Transition and rare earth metal vanadates are potential active phases for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide by ammonia for exhaust gas emission control. In this work, various metal vanadates mixed with SiO2-WO3-TiO2 (TWS) were compared to vanadia-based SCR catalysts. FeVO4-based catalysts were found to be the most active metal vanadates, followed by CeVO4 and ErVO4. In depth analysis using XRD, BET, H-2-TPR, DRUV and DRIFTS demonstrated that the vanadates partly decomposed above 600-750 degrees C to the corresponding single metal oxides, the decomposition temperature correlating with their relative stability. The activity and the estimated fraction of freed VOx from the vanadate decomposition strongly correlated with vanadia-based catalysts at comparable V-loading. Based on these findings, the enhanced thermal stability of the vanadate-based catalysts was correlated to an overall lower amount of free VOx species compared to vanadia-based catalysts. The released VOx species are responsible for the activity of the metal vanadate-based SCR catalysts and are of similar nature to those of vanadia-based catalysts. Therefore, the claimed high temperature stability advantage of supported metal vanadates is merely an effect of the degree of vanadate decomposition and is not related to their intrinsic stability