Testing various food-industry wastes for electricity production in microbial fuel cell

Three food-industrywastes: fermented apple juice (FAJ), wine lees and yogurt waste (YW) were evaluated in combination with two sources of inoculum, anaerobic sludge and garden compost, to produce electricity in microbialfuelcells. Preliminary potentiostatic studies suggested that YW was the best candidate, able to provide up to 250 mA/m2 at poised potential +0.3 V/SCE. Experiments conducted with two-chamber MFCs confirmed that wine lees were definitely not suitable. FAJ was not able to start an MFC by means of its endogenous microflora, while YW was. Both FAJ and YW were suitable fuels when anaerobic sludge or compost leachate was used as inoculum source. Sludge-MFCs had better performance using YW (54 mW/m2 at 232 mA/m2). In contrast, compost-leachate MFCs showed higher power density with FAJ (78 mW/m2 at 209 mA/m2) than with YW (37 mW/m2 at 144 mA/m2) but YW gave more stable production. Under optimized operating conditions, compost-leachate MFCs fueled with YW gave up to 92 mW/m2 at 404 mA/m2 and 44 mW/m2 in stable conditions

Electrochemical micro-structuring of graphite felt electrodes for accelerated formation of electroactive biofilms on microbial anodes.

Electroactive biofilms were formed on graphite felt anodes under constant potential polarisation using compost leachate as the inoculum and dairy waste as the substrate. A new surface treatment is presented that consists of creating micro-cavities on the electrode surface by strong anodisation. This surface treatment, combined with pre-adsorption of the dairy waste, proved very efficient in accelerating the formation of electroactive biofilms and increasing the current values up to 1600 mA/m2 for dairy waste oxidation

Treatment of dairy wastes with a microbial anode formed from garden compost

Garden compost has already been identified as a source of efficient electro-active (EA) biofilms. The work described here consisted of lixiviating the compost and then using the leachate as a microbial source. This procedure gave promising results for the treatment of yogurt waste (YW) in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Experiments performed in MFC set-ups were compared with electrochemical cells under polarization at +0.1 V versus SCE. Different parameters were tested to optimize the microbial anode. Preliminary acclimation of the compost microbial flora to YW was revealed to be unnecessary. Forming biofilms firstly in pure leachate before exposing them to YW showed that high concentrations of this type of substrate were detrimental to current generation. Pre-treatment of the electrode by pre-adsorbing YW led to a 10-fold increase in the current density. The highest current densities were obtained at 40 and 60 °C, revealing the diversity of electro-active microorganisms coming from soils. Values up to 1,450 mA m−2 were reached at 40 °C

Traitement de déchets issus de l'industrie agro-alimentaire par pile à combustible microbienne

Les piles à combustible microbiennes (PACM) permettent la production directe d'électricité par l'oxydation de matière organique ; à l'anode les combustibles organiques sont oxydés grâce à des microorganismes adhérés qui jouent le rôle d'électro-catalyseurs. Utiliser comme combustible la matière organique issue d'effluents ou de déchets des industries agro-alimentaires présente un double bénéfice : la réduction de l'impact environnemental et la génération d'énergie. Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de la thèse comporte trois volets : tout d'abord l'évaluation des combustibles et des sources d'inoculum en termes de capacités électro-catalytiques, ensuite la recherche de conditions opératoires favorisant la génération de courant simultanément à la biodépollution. Ces deux objectifs ont été abordés en conditions électrochimiques bien contrôlées (montages à trois électrodes, contrôle potentiostatique). Le troisième volet a porté sur la validation de ces conditions en configuration de PACM. Trois résidus issus d'industries agro-alimentaires ont été testés comme combustible : des jus de pomme fermentés, des lies du vin et des déchets de laiterie, et deux environnements comme source de micro-organismes électro-actifs : des boues anaérobies et des lixiviats de terreau de jardin. Les études en cellule électrochimique ont révélé les lixiviats de terreau comme la meilleure source de biocatalyseur et les résidus de laiterie comme le meilleur combustible. En conséquence l'amélioration du procédé a été effectuée principalement sur le couple lixiviats de terreau - résidus laitiers. Une acclimatation préliminaire de la microflore des lixiviats de terreau aux déchets de laiterie s'est révélée inutile. Des concentrations élevées des déchets de laiterie ont eu un effet négatif sur la génération de courant, bien qu'une réduction de 90% en demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) ait été atteinte. Le prétraitement de la surface de l'anode par l'adsorption du substrat a permis une augmentation du courant d'un facteur 10 par rapport à une anode non prétraitée. Les tests de températures comprises entre 10°C et 60°C suggèrent l'existence d'une large diversité de microorganismes électro-actifs. Une densité de courant de 1655 mA/m² a été atteinte à 40°C à un potentiel imposé de +0,1V/ECS sur une anode en feutre de graphite prétraitée. Différentes combinaisons « source de biocatalyseur - combustible » ont été évaluées en utilisant une PACM composée de deux compartiments séparés par une membrane échangeuse de protons et équipée d'une anode en feutre de graphite. Les meilleures performances ont été obtenues avec le lixiviat de terreau comme source de micro-organismes électro-actifs et les déchets laitiers comme combustible (92 mW/m2, 636 mA/m2). Ces résultats confirment les résultats obtenus en cellule électrochimique et se situent parmi les meilleurs dans le cadre du développement émergent des PACM pour l'exploitation de déchets bruts. ABSTRACT : In the microbial fuel cells (MFC) electricity is produced by the oxidation of organic matter. At the anode the fuel is oxidized by the microorganisms attached to it, they act as catalyst. The use of food and agricultural industry wastes carry out to a double benefit: waste treatment and energy generation. In the present work three aspects are presented: Initially fuels and inoculum sources are evaluated in terms of their electro catalytic activity, thereafter operational parameters are studied to enhance electricity production and waste treatment. These studies are achieved in three electrodes electrochemical cells under potentiostatic control. In the last part, the materials and operational conditions selected are tested in MFC. Three wastes were tested as fuel to MFC: fermented apple juice, wine lees and dairy wastes, with two electroactive inocula: anaerobic sludge and garden compost leachate. The results in electrochemical cells indicated compost leachate and dairy wastes as the best inoculum and fuel respectively. Consequently, most of subsequent experiments were achieved with these materials. Preliminary acclimation procedure of compost leachate microbial flora to dairy wastes fuel proved not to be useful. High concentration of dairy wastes was detrimental to current generation; however the COD removal was 90%. Pre-treatment of electrode by pre-adsorbing dairy waste led to a 10-fold increase in the current density. Results from temperature test (10°C to 60°C) suggest a large diversity of electrochemically active microorganisms coming from compost. A current density of 1655 mA/m² was reached at 40°C with a pre-treated graphite felt anode under polarization at +0,1V vs. ECS. Different mixtures composed by “biocatalyst-combustible” were evaluated in a two chamber membrane microbial fuel cell, with graphite felt anode. The best performance was obtained with compost leachate as biocatalyst and dairy wastes as fuel (92 mW/m² at 636 mA/m² by polarization curve). These results confirmed those obtained in electrochemical cells and they are in the high range of performances reached with this new technology using raw materials

Ultra microelectrodes increase the current density provided by electroactive biofilms by improving their electron transport ability

Electroactive biofilms were formed from garden compost leachate on platinum wires under constant polarisation at -0.2 V vs. SCE and temperature controlled at 40 C. The oxidation of 10 mM acetate gave maximum current density of 7 A/m2 with the electrodes of largest diameters (500 and 1000 µm). The smaller diameter wires exhibited an ultra-microelectrode (UME) effect, which increased the maximum current density up to 66 A/m2 with the 25 µm diameter electrode. SEM imaging showed biofilms around 75 µm thick on the 50 µm diameter wire, while they were only 25 µm thick on the 500 µm diameter electrode. Low scan cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves were similar to those already reported for biofilms formed with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens. Concentrations of the redox molecules contained in the biofilms, which were derived from the non-turnover CVs, were around 0.4 to 0.6 mM, which was close to the value of 1 mM extracted from literature data for G. sulfurreducens biofilms. A numerical model was designed, which demonstrated that the microbial anodes were not controlled here by microbial kinetics. Introducing the concept of average electron transport length made the model well fitted with the experimental results, which indicates rate control by electron transport through the biofilm matrix. According to this model, the UME effect improved the electron transport network in the biofilm, which allowed the biofilm to grow to greater thickness

Garden compost inoculum leads to microbial bioanodes with potential-independent characteristics

International audienceGarden compost leachate was used to form microbial bioanodes under polarization at 0.4, 0.2 and +0.1 V/SCE. Current densities were 6.3 and 8.9 A m2 on average at 0.4 and +0.1 V/SCE respectively, with acetate 10 mM. The catalytic cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed similar electrochemical characteristics for all bioanodes and indicated that the lower currents recorded at 0.4 V/SCE were due to the slower interfacial electron transfer rate at this potential, consistently with conventional electrochemical kinetics.RNA- and DNA-based DGGE evidenced that the three dominant bacterial groups Geobacter, Anaerophaga and Pelobacter were identical for all bioanodes and did not depend on the polarization potential. Only non-turnover CVs showed differences in the redox equipment of the biofilms, the highest potential promoting multiple electron transfer pathways. This first description of a potential-independent electroactive microbial community opens up promising prospects for the design of stable bioanodes for microbial fuel cells

Urine transduction to usable energy: A modular MFC approach for smartphone and remote system charging

© 2016 The Authors This study reports for the first time the full charging of a state-of-the-art mobile smartphone, using Microbial Fuel Cells fed with urine. This was possible by employing a new design of MFC that allowed scaling-up without power density losses. Although it was demonstrated in the past that a basic mobile phone could be charged by MFCs, the present study goes beyond this to show how, simply using urine, an MFC system successfully charges a modern-day smartphone. Several energy-harvesting systems have been tested and results have demonstrated that the charging circuitry of commercially available phones may consume up to 38% of energy on top of the battery capacity. The study concludes by developing a mobile phone charger based on urine, which results in 3h of phone operation (outgoing call) for every 6h of charge time, with as little as 600mL (per charge) of real neat urine

Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Bioelectrochemical Systems

The food industry produces a large amount of waste and wastewater, of which most of the constituents are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and organic fibers. Therefore food wastes are highly biodegradable and energy rich. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are systems that use microorganisms to biochemically catalyze complex substrates into useful energy products, in which the catalytic reactions take place on electrodes. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a type of bioelectrochemical systems that oxidize substrates and generate electric current. Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are another type of bioelectrochemical systems that use an external power source to catalyze the substrate into by-products such as hydrogen gas, methane gas, or hydrogen peroxide. BESs are advantageous due to their ability to achieve a degree of substrate remediation while generating energy. This chapter presents an extensive literature review on the use of MFCs and MECs to remediate and recover energy from food industry waste. These bioelectrochemical systems are still in their infancy state and further research is needed to better understand the systems and optimize their performance. Major challenges and limitations for the use of BESs are summarized and future research needs are identified

Microbial fuel cells: From fundamentals to applications. A review

© 2017 The Author(s) In the past 10–15 years, the microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has captured the attention of the scientific community for the possibility of transforming organic waste directly into electricity through microbially catalyzed anodic, and microbial/enzymatic/abiotic cathodic electrochemical reactions. In this review, several aspects of the technology are considered. Firstly, a brief history of abiotic to biological fuel cells and subsequently, microbial fuel cells is presented. Secondly, the development of the concept of microbial fuel cell into a wider range of derivative technologies, called bioelectrochemical systems, is described introducing briefly microbial electrolysis cells, microbial desalination cells and microbial electrosynthesis cells. The focus is then shifted to electroactive biofilms and electron transfer mechanisms involved with solid electrodes. Carbonaceous and metallic anode materials are then introduced, followed by an explanation of the electro catalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction and its behavior in neutral media, from recent studies. Cathode catalysts based on carbonaceous, platinum-group metal and platinum-group-metal-free materials are presented, along with membrane materials with a view to future directions. Finally, microbial fuel cell practical implementation, through the utilization of energy output for practical applications, is described

Food industry wastes treatment in microbial fuel cell

Les piles à combustible microbiennes (PACM) permettent la production directe d'électricité par l'oxydation de matière organique ; à l'anode les combustibles organiques sont oxydés grâce à des microorganismes adhérés qui jouent le rôle d'électro-catalyseurs. Utiliser comme combustible la matière organique issue d'effluents ou de déchets des industries agro-alimentaires présente un double bénéfice : la réduction de l'impact environnemental et la génération d'énergie. Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de la thèse comporte trois volets : tout d'abord l'évaluation des combustibles et des sources d'inoculum en termes de capacités électro-catalytiques, ensuite la recherche de conditions opératoires favorisant la génération de courant simultanément à la biodépollution. Ces deux objectifs ont été abordés en conditions électrochimiques bien contrôlées (montages à trois électrodes, contrôle potentiostatique). Le troisième volet a porté sur la validation de ces conditions en configuration de PACM. Trois résidus issus d'industries agro-alimentaires ont été testés comme combustible : des jus de pomme fermentés, des lies du vin et des déchets de laiterie, et deux environnements comme source de micro-organismes électro-actifs : des boues anaérobies et des lixiviats de terreau de jardin. Les études en cellule électrochimique ont révélé les lixiviats de terreau comme la meilleure source de biocatalyseur et les résidus de laiterie comme le meilleur combustible. En conséquence l'amélioration du procédé a été effectuée principalement sur le couple lixiviats de terreau - résidus laitiers. Une acclimatation préliminaire de la microflore des lixiviats de terreau aux déchets de laiterie s'est révélée inutile. Des concentrations élevées des déchets de laiterie ont eu un effet négatif sur la génération de courant, bien qu'une réduction de 90% en demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) ait été atteinte. Le prétraitement de la surface de l'anode par l'adsorption du substrat a permis une augmentation du courant d'un facteur 10 par rapport à une anode non prétraitée. Les tests de températures comprises entre 10°C et 60°C suggèrent l'existence d'une large diversité de microorganismes électro-actifs. Une densité de courant de 1655 mA/m² a été atteinte à 40°C à un potentiel imposé de +0,1V/ECS sur une anode en feutre de graphite prétraitée. Différentes combinaisons « source de biocatalyseur - combustible » ont été évaluées en utilisant une PACM composée de deux compartiments séparés par une membrane échangeuse de protons et équipée d'une anode en feutre de graphite. Les meilleures performances ont été obtenues avec le lixiviat de terreau comme source de micro-organismes électro-actifs et les déchets laitiers comme combustible (92 mW/m2, 636 mA/m2). Ces résultats confirment les résultats obtenus en cellule électrochimique et se situent parmi les meilleurs dans le cadre du développement émergent des PACM pour l'exploitation de déchets bruts.In the microbial fuel cells (MFC) electricity is produced by the oxidation of organic matter. At the anode the fuel is oxidized by the microorganisms attached to it, they act as catalyst. The use of food and agricultural industry wastes carry out to a double benefit: waste treatment and energy generation. In the present work three aspects are presented: Initially fuels and inoculum sources are evaluated in terms of their electro catalytic activity, thereafter operational parameters are studied to enhance electricity production and waste treatment. These studies are achieved in three electrodes electrochemical cells under potentiostatic control. In the last part, the materials and operational conditions selected are tested in MFC. Three wastes were tested as fuel to MFC: fermented apple juice, wine lees and dairy wastes, with two electroactive inocula: anaerobic sludge and garden compost leachate. The results in electrochemical cells indicated compost leachate and dairy wastes as the best inoculum and fuel respectively. Consequently, most of subsequent experiments were achieved with these materials. Preliminary acclimation procedure of compost leachate microbial flora to dairy wastes fuel proved not to be useful. High concentration of dairy wastes was detrimental to current generation; however the COD removal was 90%. Pre-treatment of electrode by pre-adsorbing dairy waste led to a 10-fold increase in the current density. Results from temperature test (10°C to 60°C) suggest a large diversity of electrochemically active microorganisms coming from compost. A current density of 1655 mA/m² was reached at 40°C with a pre-treated graphite felt anode under polarization at +0,1V vs. ECS. Different mixtures composed by “biocatalyst-combustible” were evaluated in a two chamber membrane microbial fuel cell, with graphite felt anode. The best performance was obtained with compost leachate as biocatalyst and dairy wastes as fuel (92 mW/m² at 636 mA/m² by polarization curve). These results confirmed those obtained in electrochemical cells and they are in the high range of performances reached with this new technology using raw materials