El modelo de los cinco grandes como predictor de la conducta agresiva en población infanto-juvenil

The current paper studies the relationship between the Five Factor Model of personality and physical and verbal aggression in a sample of 686 subjects (426 boys and 260 girls) in ages between 8 and 15. The results show that conscientiousness (especially in girls) and neuroticism (especially in boys) are the most relevant, although agreeableness and extraversion were also significant dimensions, espe-cially in verbal aggression. We discuss the need for considering different types of aggression and the convenience to study these relationships for boys and girls separately.El presente trabajo estudia la relación entre el modelo de personalidad de los Cinco Grandes y la agresión física y verbal en un grupo de 686 sujetos (426 chicos y 260 chicas) de edades comprendi-das entre 8 y 15 años. Los resultados muestran que las dimensiones de conciencia (especialmente en mujeres) y neuroticismo (especialmente en varones) son las más relevantes, aunque las dimen-siones de amabilidad y extraversión también resultaron significativas principalmente en la agresión verbal. Se discute la necesidad de considerar diferentes tipos de agresión y la conveniencia de estu-diar estas relaciones en chicos y chicas separadamente

Consistencia interparental y su relación con la agresión y la sintomatología depresiva en niños y adolescentes

This study analyses the relationship between interparental rearing inconsistency and the presence of aggressive and depressive behaviour in a sample of 1159 subjects (45,3% male) between 8 and 17 years of age. The results show that subjects from families with rearing inconsistency in control, hostility and communication showed significantly more aggressive and depressive behaviours than subjects from families with interparental consistency. Parents´ control inconsistency was the best predictor of the alterations studied. Although no specific pattern of inconsistency associated with child aggression or depressive symptoms was found, interparental inconsistence appeared especially associated with them.El presente estudio analiza la relación entre la inconsistencia interparental de los hábitos de crianza y la presencia de conductas agresivas y depresivas en una muestra de 1159 sujetos (45.3 % varones) de edades comprendidas entre 8 y 17 años. Los resultados muestran que los sujetos procedentes de hogares inconsistentes en control, hostilidad y comunicación, mostraron más conductas agresivas y depresivas que los sujetos de hogares consistentes. La inconsistencia en las estrategias de control interparental fue la variable que en mayor medida predijo las alteraciones estudiadas. No apareció un patrón específico de inconsistencia ligado a la agresión o la sintomatología depresiva del niño, sin embargo, la inconsistencia interparental se asoció especialmente con la primera

Estudio sobre la red nomológica de la envidia en población infanto-juvenil

La envidia constituye un ingrediente inherente de la condición humana que posibilita el correcto desarrollo del niño. El presente trabajo explora la red nomológica de la envidia en relación con la sintomatología depresiva, la ansiedad y la ira. La muestra estuvo constituida por 210 sujetos (43.8% varones) con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 14 años. Los resultados han mostrado que el entramado de relaciones entre la envidia y las distintas emociones está condicionado por la edad y el sexo de los sujetos. La envidia mostró una clara relación con la ira, especialmente con su vertiente rasgo y fue esta emoción la que en mayor medida predijo cada una de sus dimensiones. La dimensión de la envidia, deseo por lo ajeno, fue la que se asoció con un mayor desajuste emocional. A pesar de la interconexión de la envidia con las restantes emociones, ésta emerge como una emoción independiente y diferenciada de las restantes. La escasez de trabajos sobre este tema en población infantil sugiere la necesidad de un mayor número de estudios

Sintomatología depresiva en escolares de 12 a 16 años y su relación con las distorsiones cognitivas

The aims of this investigation have been the study of the presence of depressive symptomatology and their relationship with cognitive distortions in adolescent scholars. Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI, Kovacs, 1992), Peer Nomination Inventory of Depression (PNID, Lefkowitz y Tesiny, 1981) and Children’s Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CDCN-1, Bas, 1987) have been administered on a representative sample of 908 Sevillian adolescents (aged 12 to 16). The results revealed an 11'78% of depressive symptomatology with an upward lineal tendency regarding the age and with superior scores in the case of women. The number of cognitive distortions has been related positively with the presence of this symptomatology. This point shows to be one of the main predictors of the punctuations in CDI. The depressive symptomatology keeps relation to the most important moments in the youth’s cognitive development. An increase of cognitive distortions has been appreciated on aged 13. Later on, this one stays constant. CDCN-1 is considered as an appropriate complement of CDI, on the contrary that PNID, probably for the process of internalization of depressive manifestations. You cannot grant a causal role on depression to the cognitive biases. It is suggested that the coincidence between CDI and CDCN-1 about raised scores is a sign of a high risk (vulnerability) to develop a first depressive episode.Los principales objetivos de esta investigación han sido el estudio de la presencia de sintomatología depresiva y su relación con las distorsiones cognitivas en escolares adolescentes. Los instrumentos utilizados han sido el inventario CDl (Kovacs, 1992), el inventario de depresión PNID de nominación de iguales (Lefkowitz y Tesiny, 1981) y el cuestionario de distorsiones cognitivas CDCN-1 (Bas, 1987). Sobre una muestra representativa de la ciudad de Sevilla de 908 jóvenes y de edades comprendidas entre 12 y 16 años, se ha hallado una presencia de sintomatología depresiva del 11'78%, con una tendencia lineal ascendente respecto de la edad y con puntuaciones superiores en el caso de las mujeres. El número de distorsiones cognitivas se ha relacionado positivamente con la presencia de esta sintomatología, mostrando ser uno de los principales predictores de las puntuaciones en el CDL La sintomatología depresiva guarda relación con los momentos más importantes del desarrollo cognoscitivo en el joven, apreciándose un aumento de distorsiones cognitivas a los 13 años de edad que se mantiene constante después. El CDCN-1 se estima como un adecuado complemento del CDL al contrario que el PNID, probablemente por el proceso de internalización de las manifestaciones depresivas. No se puede otorgar a los sesgos cognitivos un papel causal sobre la depresión, pero se sugiere que la coincidencia en el CDI y el CDCN-1 de puntuaciones elevadas es un indicio de un elevado riesgo (vulnerabilidad) para desarrollar un primer episodio depresivo

Evaluación de la memoria semántica : estudio transversal en personas sanas y en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer

The present paper evaluates the evolution and deterioration of semantic memory in a healthy population and in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Using a categorical semantic fl uency test, we evaluated the frequency of production of copies of four basic semantic categories belonging to the domains Living Things (LT) and Non-Living things (NLT). The sample consisted of 80 subjects classifi ed in four groups: children, young adults, healthy elderly persons and elderly people with Alzheimer`s disease. The results showed a greater production by young adults in the domains LT and NLT, followed by children and the elderly healthy and, fi nally, the elderly Alzheimer’s disease patients. Regarding gender, females showed a better performance but only in the sample of healthy people. Furthermore, the number of errors was considered: the group with a higher number of errors was the children’s, mainly due to the inclusion of non pertinent elements (overgeneralization).En el presente trabajo se estudia la evolución y el deterioro de la memoria semántica en personas sanas y con demencia tipo Alzheimer. Mediante una prueba de fl uencia categorial semántica, se evaluó la frecuencia de producción de ejemplares de cuatro categorías semánticas básicas pertenecientes a los dominios Seres Vivos (SV) y Seres No Vivos (SNV). La muestra está constituida por 80 participantes clasifi cados en cuatro grupos: niños, adultos jóvenes, ancianos sanos y ancianos con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Los resultados mostraron una mayor producción de los adultos jóvenes en los dominios SV y SNV, seguido de los niños y los ancianos sanos y, por último, los ancianos con Enfermedad de Alzheimer. En cuanto al sexo, las mujeres tuvieron una mejor ejecución pero solo en la muestra de personas sanas. Además, se computó el número de errores, siendo el grupo de niños el que mayor número cometió debido fundamentalmente a la inclusión de ejemplares no pertinentes (sobregeneralización).

SARS-CoV-2 viral load analysis at low and high altitude: A case study from Ecuador

SARS-CoV-2 has spread throughout the world, including remote areas such as those located at high altitudes. There is a debate about the role of hypobaric hypoxia on viral transmission and COVID-19 incidence. A descriptive cross-sectional analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral load among patients living at low (230 m) and high altitude (3800 m) in Ecuador was completed. Within these two communities, the total number of infected people at the time of the study was 108 cases (40.3%). The COVID-19 incidence proportion at low altitude was 64% while at high altitude was 30.3%. The mean viral load from those patients who tested positive was 3,499,184 copies/mL (SD = 23,931,479 copies/mL). At low altitude (Limoncocha), the average viral load was 140,223.8 copies/mL (SD = 990,840.9 copies/mL), while for the high altitude group (Oyacachi), the mean viral load was 6,394,789 copies/mL (SD = 32,493,469 copies/mL). We found no statistically significant differences when both results were compared (p = 0.056). We found no significant differences across people living at low or high altitude; however, men and younger populations had higher viral load than women older populations, respectivel

A comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 viral load across different altitudes

SARS-CoV-2 has spread throughout the world, including areas located at high or very high altitudes. There is a debate about the role of high altitude hypoxia on viral transmission, incidence, and COVID-19 related mortality. This is the first comparison of SARS-CoV-2 viral load across elevations ranging from 0 to 4300 m. To describe the SARS-CoV-2 viral load across samples coming from 62 cities located at low, moderate, high, and very high altitudes in Ecuador. An observational analysis of viral loads among nasopharyngeal swap samples coming from a cohort of 4929 patients with a RT-qPCR test positive for SARS-CoV-2. The relationship between high and low altitude only considering our sample of 4929 persons is equal in both cases and not significative (p-value 0.19). In the case of low altitude, adding the sex variable to the analysis, it was possible to find a significative difference between men and women (p-value < 0.05). Considering initially sex and then altitude, it was possible to find a significative difference between high and low altitude for men (p-value 0.05). There is not enough evidence to state that viral load is affected directly by altitude range but adding a new variable as sex in the analysis shows that the presence of new variables influences the relationship of altitude range and viral load. There is no evidence that viral loads (Ct and copies/ml) differ at low or high altitude. Using sex as a co-factor, we found that men have higher viral loads than women at low and moderate altitude locations, while living at high altitude, no differences were found. When Ct values were aggregated by low, moderate, and high viral load, we found no significant differences when sex was excluded from the analysis. We conclude that viral load is not directly affected by altitude, but COVID-19 incidence and mortality are rather affected by socio-demographic and idiosyncratic dynamics

Targeting ribosomal G-quadruplexes with naphthalene-diimides as RNA polymerase I inhibitors for colorectal cancer treatment

17 pags., 6 figs., 2 tabs.Sanchez-Martin et al. report a mode of action for naphthalene-diimides, a well-known class of G-quadruplexes ligands. Their work provides evidence of naphthalene-diimides targeting G-quadruplexes in ribosomal DNA, inducing a blockade of RNA polymerase I-mediated transcription and cell death. These compounds could be exploited in colorectal cancer treatment.This work was supported by the European Commission (TAR- BRAINFECT to J.A.G.-S.) and the National Institutes of Health (GM084946 to D.A.S.). The Government of Spain granted with PhD fellowships FPU16/ 05822 to V.S.-M. and FPU17/05413 to A.S.-L. The University of Almeria granted with PhD fellowship to M.O.-G. Funding for open access charge: Eu- ropean Commissio

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication