Organizações sociais afrodescendentes no município de Florencia (Colômbia): conquistas, dificuldades e desafios

Introduction: Afro-descendant organization in the municipality of Florencia, Caquetá (Colombia), evidences the need to unify in order to achieve recognition and overcome the struggle for their rights. Although the interviewed subjects declare that there is little racial discrimination in the department, the necessity to attain visibility and recognition has lead to the formation of three Afro-descendant organizations, as well as to their continued consolidation over time. The interest of this manuscript is precisely to systematize these three organizational experiences based on their history, achievements, difficulties and the main challenges they face as a group. Methodology: The work is eminently qualitative. Data were obtained using instruments such as interviews and documentary review. Results: Within the main findings, it is evident that the existing organizations result from internal fragmentation of the organization that appeared fist. Nevertheless, all of them have similar objectives. The biggest difficulties they face relate to the scarce income available for their sustenance and for offering more supporting to their partners. Conclusions: The Afro-descendant organizations’ achievements include having been recognized by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, positioning themselves in the Caquetá society and having been taken in account for regional decision making. The difficulties faced continue to be related to the limited economic resources available and tough access to rural and urban socio-economic inclusion projects. The lack of internal articulation must also be mentioned, since the interviewed subjects believe particular interests in some occasions prevail over group objectives and benefits. The three organizations under study agreed in these points.Introducción. La organización de los Afros en el municipio de Florencia, representa la necesidad de la unión para lograr un reconocimiento y la lucha por sus derechos; si bien a juicio de los entrevistados la discriminación racial en el departamento, es poca; la necesidad de lograr una visibilización y un reconocimiento, ha hecho que tres organizaciones de Afros se hayan conformado y se sigan consolidando a través del tiempo. El interés del presente manuscrito, es precisamente poder sistematizar estas tres experiencias organizativas a partir de su historia, logros, dificultades y principales retos que enfrentan como colectivo. Metodología. El trabajo es eminentemente cualitativo, la producción de los datos se hizo a partir de instrumentos como las entrevistas y la técnica de arqueo de archivos. Resultados. Dentro de los principales hallazgos se tiene que las organizaciones existentes, son resultado de fragmentaciones internas de la primera, pero que tienen objetivos similares, las mayores dificultades que afrontan están relacionadas con los pocos ingresos para su sostenimiento y poder ayudar más a sus socios. Conclusiones. Los logros de las organizaciones afros han sido el reconocimiento por parte del Ministerio del Interior, el posicionamiento en la sociedad caqueteña y que los hayan hecho partícipes de la toma de decisiones de tipo regional. Las dificultades continúan relacionadas con los pocos recursos económicos disponibles y acceso a proyectos de inclusión socioeconómica rural y urbana, además la falta de articulación interna donde en algunas ocasiones a su juicio prima el bien particular sobre el del grupo. Las tres organizaciones objeto del estudio coincidieronIntrodução: a organização dos afrodescendentes no município de Florencia, Caquetá (Colômbia), representa a necessidade da união para atingir um reconhecimento e da luta por seus direitos. Embora, na opinião dos entrevistados, o preconceito racial no estado seja pouco, a necessidade de atingir uma visibilização e um reconhecimento fez com que três organizações de afrodescendentes tenham se conformado e continuem se consolidando. O interesse deste texto é precisamente sistematizar essas três experiências organizacionais a partir de sua história, conquistas, dificuldades e principais desafios que enfrentam como coletivo.   Metodologia: o trabalho é eminentemente qualitativo; a produção dos dados se deu a partir de instrumentos como as entrevistas e a técnica de análise de arquivos.   Resultados: um dos principais achados se refere a que as organizações existentes são resultado de fragmentações internas da primeira, mas que têm objetivos semelhantes; as maiores dificuldades que enfrentam estão relacionadas com os poucos ingressos para sua conservação e com poder ajudar mais seus sócios.   Conclusões: as conquistas das organizações afrodescendentes são o reconhecimento por parte do Ministério do Interior, o posicionamento na sociedade de Caquetá e a participação na tomada de decisões de tipo regional. As dificuldades continuam relacionadas com os poucos recursos econômicos disponíveis e o acesso a projetos de inclusão socioeconômica rural e urbana. Além disso, a falta de articulação interna, já que, em algumas ocasiões, no seu julgamento, prima o bem particular sobre o do grupo. As três organizações objeto do estudo coincidiram

Factores laborales y estrés percibido en los conductores de buses Medellín, 2017

Introduction. Stress is an adaptive physical and psychological response to the demands and threats of the environment. Add stress to a workplace, has consequences on the quality of work environment for workers. Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional observational study. Sample of 278 subjects, with a confidence level of 98%, an error margin of 5% and an expected proportion of 50%. In order to select the participants, a simple random sampling was carried out. The scale of the EEP-10 was applied. A univariate and bivariate analysis was performed. Results. A positive and significant correlation (0.232 and p value = 0.000) was found between age and the percentage of non-stress control, and association between the percentage of stress control variable and the bus route taken by drivers (p value). = 0.019). Conclusions. Bus drivers are exposed to different unfavorable conditions that can endanger their health and generate some kind of stress.        El estrés es una respuesta adaptativa física y psicológica ante las demandas y amenazas del entorno. Sumar el estrés, al espacio laboral, tiene consecuencias sobre la calidad de vida laboral de los trabajadores. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Muestra de 278 conductores, con un nivel de confianza del 98%, un margen error del 5% y una proporción esperada del 50%. Para la selección de los participantes se realizó un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se utilizó la escala de la EEP-10. Se realizó un análisis univariado y bivariado. Resultados: Se encontró una correlación positiva y significativa (0,232 y valor p=0,000) entre la edad y el porcentaje de no control de estrés y asociación entre la variable porcentaje de control de estrés con la ruta de buses que conduce el conductor (valor p=0,019). Conclusiones: Los conductores de buses, están expuesto a una serie de condiciones desfavorables que pueden poner en peligro su salud y generar algún tipo de estrés

Facetas de desgaste dental en conductores de buses de una empresa de Medellín 2017

The main objective of this study was to identify the facets of dental wear of bus drivers in a company in Medellin. It was a cross-sectional study, with an empirical analytical approach of correlational scope and non-experimental design. Through a probabilistic calculation, a sample of 278 drivers was taken with a confidence level of 98%, an error margin of 5% and an expected proportion of 50%. Each participant completed a survey and then a dental clinical assessment was made. A univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis was made from the data. In the results there was a statistically significant association, with the variable route in which it leads (p = 0.01), with the affirmative response to this variable being the only one found in the equation. This is presented as a protective factor (0.33-CI 0.14-0.80). As a conclusion of this study, the great majority of drivers (82.3%) presented facets of dental wear, and according to the classification, grade 1 was the most prevalent. The reason for the wear is given by multifactorial processes, so it is vital to detect them in time to avoid damage to the tooth structure.El objetivo principal del estudio fue identificar las facetas de desgaste dental de los conductores de bus de una empresa de Medellín. Estudio de corte transversal, con un enfoque empírico analítico de alcance correlacional y de diseño no experimental. A través de un cálculo probabilístico se tomó una muestra de 278 conductores con un nivel de confianza del 98%, un margen error del 5% y una proporción esperada del 50%. Cada participante diligenció una encuesta y posteriormente se realizó una valoración clínica dental. A partir de los datos se hizo un análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado. En los resultados hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa, con la variable ruta en la que conduce (p=0,01), siendo la respuesta afirmativa a esta variable la única que se encuentra en la ecuación. Esta misma se presenta como factor protector (0,33 – IC 0,14 – 0,80). La mayoría de los conductores (82,3%) presentaron facetas de desgaste dental, en relación a la clasificación el grado 1 fue el que más prevaleció. La razón del desgaste está dada por procesos multifactoriales, por lo que es muy importante detectar las facetas a tiempo para evitar un daño en la estructura dental

Experiência de cárie dentária em aprendizes do programa técnico em saúde do sena, Medellín, 2014

Introduction: some studies have strictly treated the association between the most frequent oral pathologies and the social economic and educational levels, finding out that the lower the social economic and educative level, the higher the presence of oral pathologies. The goal of this study was to describe the social demographic variables, oral health habits, experience and prevalence of tooth decay of the trainees of sena oral health technical program, in Medellín, Colombia. Materials and methods: descriptive cross sectional study in 90 trainees from 15 to 40 years of age. Two dental surgeons were previously calibrated, students were evaluated, and the experiences and prevalence proportions on tooth decay were calculated by the cop-d Index, recommended by the who. The description of the variables was made, the association between the dependent variable and the social demographic variables was observed, as well as oral hygiene habits and access to health services. Results: 65.6% (59 trainees) belonged to a low social class. 61.1% (55 trainees) were affiliated to the subsidized health system. Prevalence of tooth decay was 30%, experience was 67.7%. There was a significant statistic association between “What elements do you use to brush your teeth?” with the dependent variable (p = 0.037). Conclusions: in general the population’s oral health was good, which coincides with the progressive decrease of prevalence of tooth decay showed in the third and fourth national study on oral health, in the same age range.Introducción: algunos estudios han abordado con rigurosidad la asociación entre las patologías orales más prevalentes y el nivel socioeconómico y educativo, y han encontrado que cuanto más bajo el nivel socioeconómico y educativo, la prevalencia de las patologías orales aumenta. El propósito de este estudio fuedescribir las variables sociodemográficas, los hábitos de salud oral y la experiencia y prevalencia de caries dental de los aprendices del programa técnico en salud oral del sena, en Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, en 90 aprendices con edades entre 15 y 40 años. Previamente, se calibraron dos odontólogas, se hizo la evaluación de los estudiantes, y se calcularonlas proporciones de experiencia y prevalencia de caries dental haciendo uso del índice cop-d recomendado por la oms. Se hizo la descripción de las variables, y se observó la asociación entre la variable dependiente y las variables sociodemográficas, los hábitos de higiene oral y el acceso a los servicios de salud. Resultados: el 65,6% (59 aprendices) pertenecía a un estrato socioeconómico bajo. El 61,1% (55 aprendices) estaba afiliado al régimen subsidiado de salud. La prevalencia de caries dental fue del 30%, la experiencia fue de 67,7%. Hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa al relacionar “¿Qué elementos usa para lavarse los dientes?” con la variable dependiente (p = 0,037). Conclusiones: en general la salud dental de la población fue buena, lo que coincide con la progresiva disminución de la prevalencia de caries dental evidenciada en el tercer y cuarto Estudio Nacional de Salud Bucal en población del mismo grupo etario.Introdução: alguns estudos têm tratado rigorosamente a associação entre as patologias orais mais prevalentes e o nível socioeconómico e educativo, e tem achado que quanto mais baixo o nível socioeconómico e educacional, a prevalência das patologias orais aumenta. O escopo deste estudo foi descrever as variáveis sócio-demográficas, os hábitos de saúde oral, a experiência e prevalência de cárie dentária dos aprendizes do programa técnico em saúde oral do sena, em Medellín, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo transversal, em 90 aprendizes, com idades entre os 15 e 40 anos. Previamente duas odontologistas foram calibradas, fez-se a avaliação dos estudantes, calcularamse as proporções de experiência e prevalência de cárie dentária usando o índice cop-d recomendado pela oms. Foi feita a descrição das variáveis, foi revisitada a associação entre a variável dependente e as variáveis sócio-demográficas, os hábitos de higiene oral e o acesso aos serviços de saúde. Resultados: 65,6% (59 aprendizes) pertencia a um nível socioeconómico baixo. 61,1% (55 aprendizes) estava afiliado ao regime subsidiado de saúde. A prevalência de cárie dentária foi de 30%, a experiência foi de 67,7%. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa relacionando “Quais elementos usa para se escovar os dentes?” Com a variável dependente (p = 0,037). Conclusões: em geral a saúde dentaria da população foi boa, coincidindo com a progressiva diminuição da prevalência de cárie dentária evidenciada no terceiro e quarto estudo nacional de saúde bucal em população do mesmo grupo etário

Diplomado de profundización gestión de la salud pública

Ubicación geográfica del departamento del putumayo en Colombia. Mapa del área rural y urbana del departamento del putumayo. Cardiovasculares Crecimiento poblacional del departamento del putumayoLa problemática principal de este trabajo es la dificultad que se tiene en el departamento del Putumayo respecto al análisis situacional en salud que demuestra una gran falencia el prevenir las enfermedades no transmisibles, buscando así mediante estrategias llegar a más personas con el fin de disminuir los grandes índices de personas que las poseen.The main problem of this work is the difficulty that the department of Putumayo has regarding the situational analysis in health that shows a great shortcoming in preventing non-communicable diseases, thus seeking through strategies to reach more people in order to reduce the large indies of people who own them

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the Second Phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since 2014 July. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the 14th from SDSS overall (making this Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes the data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (2014–2016 July) public. Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey; the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data-driven machine-learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from the SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS web site (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020 and will be followed by SDSS-V

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median $z\sim 0.03$). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between $z\sim 0.6$ and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July