Reply to: New Meta- and Mega-analyses of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Schizophrenia: Do They Really Increase Our Knowledge About the Nature of the Disease Process?

This work was supported by National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Grant No. U54EB020403 (to the ENIGMA consortium)

Cortical brain abnormalities in 4474 individuals with schizophrenia and 5098 control subjects via the enhancing neuro Imaging genetics through meta analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium

BACKGROUND: The profile of cortical neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia is not fully understood, despite hundreds of published structural brain imaging studies. This study presents the first meta-analysis of cortical thickness and surface area abnormalities in schizophrenia conducted by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Schizophrenia Working Group. METHODS: The study included data from 4474 individuals with schizophrenia (mean age, 32.3 years; range, 11-78 years; 66% male) and 5098 healthy volunteers (mean age, 32.8 years; range, 10-87 years; 53% male) assessed with standardized methods at 39 centers worldwide. RESULTS: Compared with healthy volunteers, individuals with schizophrenia have widespread thinner cortex (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = -0.530/-0.516) and smaller surface area (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = -0.251/-0.254), with the largest effect sizes for both in frontal and temporal lobe regions. Regional group differences in cortical thickness remained significant when statistically controlling for global cortical thickness, suggesting regional specificity. In contrast, effects for cortical surface area appear global. Case-control, negative, cortical thickness effect sizes were two to three times larger in individuals receiving antipsychotic medication relative to unmedicated individuals. Negative correlations between age and bilateral temporal pole thickness were stronger in individuals with schizophrenia than in healthy volunteers. Regional cortical thickness showed significant negative correlations with normalized medication dose, symptom severity, and duration of illness and positive correlations with age at onset. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the ENIGMA meta-analysis approach can achieve robust findings in clinical neuroscience studies; also, medication effects should be taken into account in future genetic association studies of cortical thickness in schizophrenia

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age‐related trajectories inferred from cross‐sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3–90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter‐individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age‐related morphometric patterns

Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Delineating the association of age and cortical thickness in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behavior. Previous research has shown that robust estimates of the association between age and brain morphometry require large‐scale studies. In response, we used cross‐sectional data from 17,075 individuals aged 3–90 years from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to infer age‐related changes in cortical thickness. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to quantify the association between age and cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Interindividual variability was estimated using meta‐analysis and one‐way analysis of variance. For most regions, their highest cortical thickness value was observed in childhood. Age and cortical thickness showed a negative association; the slope was steeper up to the third decade of life and more gradual thereafter; notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar, and anterior cingulate cortices. Interindividual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results may form the basis of further investigation on normative deviation in cortical thickness and its significance for behavioral and cognitive outcomes

The National Early Warning Score and its subcomponents recorded within ±24 hours of emergency medical admission are poor predictors of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury

YesBackground: Hospital-acquired Acute Kidney Injury (H-AKI) is a common cause of avoidable morbidity and mortality. Aim: To determine if the patients’ vital signs data as defined by a National Early Warning Score (NEWS), can predict H-AKI following emergency admission to hospital. Methods: Analyses of emergency admissions to York hospital over 24-months with NEWS data. We report the area under the curve (AUC) for logistic regression models that used the index NEWS (model A0), plus age and sex (A1), plus subcomponents of NEWS (A2) and two-way interactions (A3). Likewise for maximum NEWS (models B0,B1,B2,B3). Results: 4.05% (1361/33608) of emergency admissions had H-AKI. Models using the index NEWS had the lower AUCs (0.59 to 0.68) than models using the maximum NEWS AUCs (0.75 to 0.77). The maximum NEWS model (B3) was more sensitivity than the index NEWS model (A0) (67.60% vs 19.84%) but identified twice as many cases as being at risk of H-AKI (9581 vs 4099) at a NEWS of 5. Conclusions: The index NEWS is a poor predictor of H-AKI. The maximum NEWS is a better predictor but seems unfeasible because it is only knowable in retrospect and is associated with a substantial increase in workload albeit with improved sensitivity.The Health Foundatio

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Manifestaciones técnico-jurídicas del "debido proceso (penal)"

Fil: Bertolino, Pedro J. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho. Cátedra Derecho Procesal Penal. Buenos Aires, ArgentinaTema: Testimonio de Derecho Penal : homenaje a Andrés D'Alessio / Mónica Antonini y Mauro A. Divito, coords. -- Sección IV. Normas constitucionales y proceso penal.-- "El presente trabajo es un correlato ampliado, revisado y actualizado del capítulo C) de la parte general de nuestro libro El debido proceso penal, La Plata, LEP, 1986 (segunda edición en preparación)."\

A veinte años de la reforma del Código de Procedimientos Penales de la provincia de Córdoba

Al cumplirse el 20º aniversario de la sanción del Código Procesal Penal de la Provincia de Córdoba resulta trascendente analizar los alcances que el nuevo código ha tenido en este lapso de tiempo. Esta conmemoración proporciona una oportunidad para reflexionar sobre los logros y debilidades del funcionamiento del actual Código, con miras a acentuar la consolidación de sus ventajas y analizar propuestas de modificación para superar dificultades o falencias en su funcionamientoFil: Palmero, Juan Carlos. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Antolín Almirón, Hugo. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Barberá de Riso, María Cristina. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Bertolino, Pedro J. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Bianciotti, Daniela. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Olmedo, Berenice. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Cafferata Nores, José I. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Clemente, José Luis. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Cornejo, Roberto Ignacio. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Ferrer, Carlos Francisco. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Frascaroli, María Susana. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Hairabedián, Maximiliano. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Lucero, Inés. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Montero, Jorge R. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Pérez Moreno, Eugenio P. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Requena, Claudio M. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Soria, Patricia. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Mauri, Carolina. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Rossi, Ivana. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Spinka, Roberto. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Tarditti, Aída Lucía. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Vélez, Víctor M. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Zarazaga, Luis M. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina

Multilingual summaries and extended methods and results from Academic publishing requires linguistically inclusive policies

Scientific knowledge is produced in multiple languages but is predominantly published in English. This practice creates a language barrier to generate and transfer scientific knowledge between communities with diverse linguistic backgrounds, hindering the ability of scholars and communities to address global challenges and achieve diversity and equity in STEM. To overcome those barriers, publishers and journals should provide a fair system that supports non-native English speakers and disseminates knowledge across the globe. We surveyed policies of 736 journals in biological sciences to assess their linguistic inclusivity, identify predictors of inclusivity, and propose actions to overcome language barriers in academic publishing. Our assessment revealed a grim landscape where most journals were making minimal efforts to overcome language barriers. The Impact Factor of journals was negatively associated with adopting a number of inclusive policies whereas ownership by a scientific society tended to have a positive association. Contrary to our expectations, the proportion of both Open Access articles and editors based in non-English speaking countries did not have a major positive association with the adoption of linguistically inclusive policies. We proposed a set of actions to overcome language barriers in academic publishing, including the renegotiation of power dynamics between publishers and editorial boards