Lie rings with derivation

Bu tezde, birleşmeli bir R halkasının türevlerinin oluşturduğu Der (R) Lie halkasının yapısı üzerine günümüze kadar yapılan çalışmalarda elde edilen bazı özelliklere yer verilmiştir. Bu tez beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde, tez konusu tanıtılmış ve bu konu ile ilgili yapılmış olan çalışmaların kısa bir özeti verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, bu tezi anlamada kolaylık sağlayacak bazı temel tanım ve özelliklere değinilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, Lie halka yapısının ve bu konudaki çalışmaların daha iyi anlaşılması için Herstein'nin 1969 da yayınladığı kitabının ilk kısmı esas olarak ele alınmış ve basit halkalar üzerinde Lie ve Jordan yapısına ilişkin bazı çalışmalar derlenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, R halkasının türevlerinin Der (R) Lie halkasına ait özellikler, R nin değişmeli ve değişmeli olmadığı durumlar için ayrı ayrı incelenip, Der (R) Lie halkasının hangi koşullar altında asal olduğunu ifade eden teoremlere yer verilmiştir. Asal R halkası değişmeli olmadığında, R nin iç türevlerinin I (R) Lie halkası yardımıyla Der (R) nin asalığı araştırılmıştır. Halkanın değişmeli olduğu durum incelenirken delta, R halkasının bir türevi ve r R nin elemanı olmak üzere R halkasının r-delta formundaki bütün türevlerinden oluşan R-delta Lie halkasının özellikleri ayrıntılı olarak çalışılmış ve R-delta nın I (R) ile benzer özelliklere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, R halkası karakteristiği 2 den farklı ve birimli Noetherian bir halka olarak alınmış ve bu halka üzerindeki asallık şartı delta-asallığa zayıflatılarak R-delta Lie halkasının asal olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Beşinci bölümde, R halkasının yalnızca değişmeli olduğu durum göz önüne alınarak bir önceki bölümde verilen teoremlerin ışığında birimli ve 2-burulmasız R halkası üzerinde delta-asallık koşulundan başka bir koşul belirtilmeden R-delta Lie halkasının asal olduğuna ilişkin teorem sunulmuştur.In this thesis, some properties from works which have been done up till now about structure of the Lie ring of derivations of an associative ring R, denoted Der (R), are given. This thesis consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, subject of the thesis is introduced and a short summary of works which are related this subject is shortly given. In the second chapter, some basic definitions and properties are mentioned to make easy understanding of the thesis. In the third chapter, the first section of Herstein's book which is published in 1969 is taken essentially to understand the structure of the Lie ring and works which are related with this subject and some of works about Lie and Jordan structures in simple rings are gathered. In the fourth chapter, the properties of Lie ring Der (R) of derivations of R are investigated for the cases where R is commutative and non-commutative seperately, the theorems which are expressed the Lie ring Der (R) under which conditions is prime are given. Unless R is commutative, the primeness of Der (R) is investigated by approach is via the study of the structure of I (R), the Lie ring of inner derivations of the prime ring R. In the commutative case, the approach is via the Lie structure of the Lie ring R-delta of all derivations of the form r-delta where r is in R and delta is a given derivation of R. The properties of R-delta are worked in detail and it's seen that R-delta and I (R) have similar properties. Furthermore, the hypothesis of primeness on R which is a Noetherian ring of characteristic not 2 with identity is weakened to delta-primeness and it is proved that R-delta is a prime Lie ring. In the fifth chapter, a theorem is presented in the light of the theorems given in the previous chapter by taking R only as a commutative ring. In this theorem, the primeness of the Lie ring R-delta is proved without assuming any further condition except from the delta-primeness of R which is a 2-torsion free ring with identity

Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi (ODTÜ) Mühendislik Öğrencilerinin Öğrenme Stili Profillerine Yönelik Betimsel Bir Çalışma

This descriptive study identified engineering students’ learning styles and the differences in the learning styles according to sex and department. To determine the differences in the learning styles of engineering students, the Turkish version of the Index of Learning Style (ILS) developed by Felder-Solomon for engineering students was used. The form was administered to 400 engineering students at METU. The differences in learning style preferences according to sex and department factors were assessed via Chisquare tests. The results showed that engineering students are active, sensing, visual and global learners rather than reflective, intuitive, verbal and sequential. The Chi-square results did not indicate any significant results in all of the four learning style dimensions in terms of sex and department.Tarama türündeki bu çalışmada mühendislik öğrencilerinin öğrenme stilleri ve cinsiyet ve bölümlerine göre öğrenme stillerindeki farklılık incelenmiştir. Mühendislik öğrencilerinin öğrenme stillerini belirlemek için Felder-Soloman tarafından mühendislik öğrencileri için geliştirilen Öğrenme Stilleri Index’i (ÖSI) Türkçe’ye uyarlanmış ve 400 ODTÜ mühendislik öğrencisi üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Öğrencilerin ÖSI’den elde ettikleri 4 öğrenme stilindeki tercihlerinin cinsiyet ve bölüm faktörlerine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını belirlemek için ki-kare testi uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, mühendislik öğrencilerinin genel olarak aktif, duyusal, görsel, bütünsel öğrenenler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Yansıtıcı, sezgisel, sözel ve ardışık öğrenenlerin sayısının ise daha az olduğu görülmüştür. Ki kare sonuçları 4 öğrenme stilinde de cinsiyet ve bölüm bakımından mühendislik öğrencileri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığını ortaya koymuştur

TÜRKİYE’DE YEREL GAZETE YÖNETİCİLERİNİN MESLEK ETİĞİ ALGISI

Topluma karşı sorumluluk bilinci ile hareket etmesi gereken medyanın etik değerler çerçevesinde işlevini yerine getirmesi hiç kuşkusuz ki hayati bir önem taşımaktadır. Medyayı kullanan kitlenin, medya örgütlerine duydukları güvenin tesisinde ya da tam tersi güven erezyonunda medyanın etik değerlere ne kadar bağlı kaldığı belirleyici olmaktadır. Bu çalışma, yerel basın kuruluşlarının yönetim kadrosunun perspktifinden etik konusunu ele almaktadır. Başka bir anlatımla, etik konusunda olayın öznesini merkeze koymaktadır. Söz konusu bu çalışma, hem Türkiye’deki yerel basın kuruluşlarının ana hatlarıyla genel yapısını ortaya koymaya hem de bu kuruluşların perspektfinden etik olgusunu tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın kuramsal bölümünde literatür taraması ile elde edilen bilgiler ışığında; etik, medya ve etik, gazetecilikte etik sorunlar gibi konular ele alınmaktadır. Uygulama bölümünde ise 9 kentte, 55 yerel gazetenin genel yayın yönetmeni ya da yazı işleri müdürü statüsündeki yöneticilerine 27 sorudan oluşan bir anket uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında gerçekleştirilen anket, pratikte etik olgusunun Türkiye’deki yerel basın tarafından nasıl algılandığı konusunda önemli ipuçları vermektedir

Trend in global trade and ıts ımpacts on labor

Globalization is one of the defining features of the contemporary world, but there is considerable controversy regarding its nature, impact, and future trends. Globalization has resulted in rapidly growing international flows of import and export goods, capital and direct invenstments. The services sector nowadays has expanded in scope beyond thetraditional activities in finance, transport, travel and telecommunication and audio-visual services to a host of professional services such as software and information services, engineering and legal services, e-commerce and other internet-based service offerings. After post second world war period, this growth of services have shown a dramatic increase in most of the developed countries of the world. Improving information and communicating technologies (ICT) intensified international interaction, increased competition and volume of global trade, while creating new challenges for labor. The purpose of his study is to show the dynamics of globalisation and its effects on international trade and labor force, providing some policy outcomes for he world in general, and Turkey.Küreselleşme günümüz dünyasının açıklayıcı özelliklerinden birini oluşturmaktadır ama yinede küreselleşmenin yapısı, etkileri ve gelecek trendleri üzerine önemli tartışmalar yaşanmaktadır. Küreselleşme uluslararası ithalat ve ihracat ürünlerinin, paranın ve doğrudan yatırımların uluslararası hareketinin gelişmesi sonucunda oluşmuştur. Hizmet sektörü günümüzde uluslararası bir çok alanda özellikle finans, ulaşım, seyahat ve teleküminasyon ve e-hizmet, e-ticaret ve bilgi topluma dayalı geniş bir uygulama faaliyetleri kapsamaktadır. Özellikle ikinci dünya savaşından sonra gelişmiş ülkelerin bir çoğunda büyük bir artış hızı göstermektedir. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin(ICT) gelişmesi, uluslararası etkileşimin şiddetini arttırmakta bu da işçilik için yeni tehditler oluştururken rekabet ve küresel ticaret oranlarını arttırmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı küreselleşmenin dinamiklerini ve küreselleşmenin uluslararası ticaret ve işgücü üzerindeki etkisini dünya genelinde ve Türkiye’deki çeşitli politikalar neticesinde göstermekti

Effects of drying and pretreatment on the nutritional and functional quality of raisins

The close relationship between the consumption of fruits and health status stems from the nutritional and non-nutritional compounds found in fruits which play a key role in the prevention of different diseases. However, fruit processing and storage greatly affect fruit compounds. The aim of the present work was to study the influence of processing on the stability of macro and micronutrients present in grapes, with a view to recommending products that provide the highest nutritional quality and the best health conditions. The study focused on fruit dehydration treatments. Conventional and microwave-assisted air-drying processes were used to obtain raisins. Dehydration caused a decrease of all grape compounds studied excluding total phenols. Moreover, compared to conventional processing, microwave-assisted drying produced greater losses of ascorbic acid in the grape and increased pectin solubilization with a consequent change in texture. However the microwave-dehydrated samples showed higher antioxidant activity. © 2011 The Institution of Chemical Engineers.The translation of this paper was funded by the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia.Carranza Concha, J.; Benlloch Tinoco, M.; Camacho Vidal, MM.; Martínez Navarrete, N. (2012). Effects of drying and pretreatment on the nutritional and functional quality of raisins. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 90(2):243-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2011.04.002S24324890

Efficacy Comparison Between Weekly and Triweekly Regimens of Carboplatin-paclitaxel in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Aim:Around 40% of non-small cell lung cancers have stage 3b or 4 disease at the time of diagnosis. In the treatment, platinum-based therapy can still be used in patients who do not carry a driver mutation or who are not suitable for immunotherapy with advanced non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of weekly carboplatin-paclitaxel regimen with triweekly carboplatin-paclitaxel regimen.Materials and Methods:This is a retrospectively structured study. Patients who were followed-up and treated for lung cancer in Adana City Training and Research Hospital’s Oncology Department between January 1, 2017 and July 1, 2021 were included.Results:Out of the 104 patients, 52 (50%) patients received weekly carboplatin-paclitaxel (C-P), and 52 (50%) received C-P every 3 weeks. The mean overall survival was 19.64±2.53 months in the weekly C-P group and 17.47±1.64 months in the triweekly C-P group (p=0.675). The mean progression-free survival (PFS) was 8.5±1.01 months in the weekly C-P group and 5.76±0.61 months in the triweekly C-P group (p=0.017).Conclusion:We demonstrated that weekly C-P treatment, which is known to have fewer toxicity in NSCLC, provided better PFS compared to triweekly treatment

Predictive factor for lymph node metastasis in non-metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas

Objectives: To evaluate the predictive factors of lymph node involvement in non-metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas (nmCRC). Methods: A total of 453 patients diagnosed with nmCRC were analyzed regarding T stage, lymphovascular invasion status, tumor grade and proposed risk score (RS), determined by the combination of these three factors for lymph node metastasis. Results: The median age was 62 (25-90 years), M/F ratio was 1.4:1 and majority of the patients had tumors localized on the left colon (70.6%). The number of excised lymph nodes was ≥12 in 77% of the cases. The postoperative pathological assessments revealed that 57.2% of patie,nts had N0 disease, 29.1% had N1 disease, and 13.7% had N2 disease. The T stages (p=0.007), grade (p<0.001), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.002), RS (p<0.001), and number of excised lymph nodes (p=0.029) were significantly different between N0, N1, and N2 patients. Higher RS was associated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.001). Conclusion: The risk score may predict lymph node metastasis in patients with nmCRC and if validated may be helpful in the decision-making of adjuvant chemotherapy, especially in the elderly and patients with inadequate lymph node dissection

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Evaluation of patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease: Preliminary results from the Turk-UIP study

OBJECTIVE: Differential diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is important among fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (ILD). This study aimed to evaluate the rate of IPF in patients with fibrotic ILD and to determine the clinical-laboratory features of patients with and without IPF that would provide the differential diagnosis of IPF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included the patients with the usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern or possible UIP pattern on thorax high-resolution computed tomography, and/or UIP pattern, probable UIP or possible UIP pattern at lung biopsy according to the 2011 ATS/ERSARS/ALAT guidelines. Demographics and clinical and radiological data of the patients were recorded. All data recorded by researchers was evaluated by radiology and the clinical decision board. RESULTS: A total of 336 patients (253 men, 83 women, age 65.8 +/- 9.0 years) were evaluated. Of the patients with sufficient data for diag-nosis (n=300), the diagnosis was IPF in 121 (40.3%), unclassified idiopathic interstitial pneumonia in 50 (16.7%), combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) in 40 (13.3%), and lung involvement of connective tissue disease (CTD) in 16 (5.3%). When 29 patients with definite IPF features were added to the patients with CPFE, the total number of IPF patients reached 150 (50%). Rate of male sex (p<0.001), smoking history (p<0.001), and the presence of clubbing (p=0.001) were significantly high in patients with IPE None of the women <50 years and none of the men <50 years of age without a smoking history were diagnosed with IPE Presence of at least 1 of the symptoms suggestive of CTD, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and antinuclear antibody (FANA) positivity rates were significantly higher in the non-IPF group (p<0.001, p=0.029, p=0.009, respectively). CONCLUSION: The rate of IPF among patients with fibrotic ILD was 50%. In the differential diagnosis of IPF, sex, smoking habits, and the presence of clubbing are important. The presence of symptoms related to CTD, ESR elevation, and EANA positivity reduce the likelihood of IPF

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication