Exhaust Gas Optimization of Modern Scooters by Velocity Control

This paper investigates the optimization of the exhaust gas composition by applying a velocity-controlled Throttle-by-Wire-System on modern 50 cc scooters (Euro 5). Nowadays combustion-powered scooters are still inefficiently restricted, resulting in an unreasonably high fuel consumption and unfavorable exhaust emissions. The velocity control prevents restriction by negatively shifting the ignition timing and regulates the throttle valve opening instead. Injection quantity, engine speed, ignition timing, cylinder wall temperature, exhaust gas temperature, oxygen sensor data, crankshaft position and in-cylinder pressure were acquired to measure engine parameters. At the same time, vehicle data on the CAN bus, such as throttle opening angle, the rider's acceleration command and vehicle velocity were recorded. For determination of the exhaust gas composition, five probes were sensing CO, CO2, NOx, O2 and HC in addition to the temperature and mass flow. A Peugeot Kisbee 50 4T (Euro 5) serves as test vehicle. The original and the optimized restriction were subjected to various gradients on a roller dynamometer at top speed. Thus, a statement can be made about all operating points of restriction. The resistance parameters required, were previously determined in a coast down test. When driving on level ground, a difference of 50% in the throttle opening leads to a 17% improvement in fuel economy. By measuring the engine parameters, optimum ignition timing could be proven with increasing internal cylinder pressure. Further, 17% reduction in exhaust gas flow was demonstrated. CO emissions decreased by a factor of 8.4, CO2 by 1.17 and HC by 2.1 while NOx increased by a factor of 3

Effect of Long-Term Agricultural Management on the Soil Microbiota Influenced by the Time of Soil Sampling

Application of agrochemicals and mechanization enabled increasing agriculturalproductivity yet caused various environmental and soil health-related problems.Agricultural practices affect soil microorganisms, which are the key players of manyecosystem processes. However, less is known about whether this effect differs betweentime points. Therefore, soil was sampled in winter (without crop) and in summer (inthe presence of maize) from a long-term field experiment (LTE) in Bernburg (Germany)managed either under cultivator tillage (CT) or moldboard plow (MP) in combinationwith either intensive nitrogen (N)-fertilization and pesticides (Int) or extensive reducedN-fertilization without fungicides (Ext), respectively. High-throughput sequencing of 16SrRNA gene and fungal ITS2 amplicons showed that changes in the microbial communitycomposition were correlated to differences in soil chemical properties caused by tillagepractice. Microbial communities of soils sampled in winter differed only depending onthe tillage practice while, in summer, also a strong effect of the fertilization intensity wasobserved. A small proportion of microbial taxa was shared between soils from the twosampling times, suggesting the existence of a stable core microbiota at the LTE. Ingeneral, taxa associated with organic matter decomposition (such as Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes, Rhizopus, and Exophiala) had a higher relative abundance under CT.Among the taxa with significant changes in relative abundances due to different long-termagricultural practices were putative pathogenic (e.g., Gibellulopsis and Gibberella) andbeneficial microbial genera (e.g., Chitinophagaceae, Ferruginibacter, and Minimedusa).In summary, this study suggests that the effects of long-term agricultural managementpractices on the soil microbiota are influenced by the soil sampling time, and this needsto be kept in mind in future studies for the interpretation of field data.Fil: Fernandez Gnecco, Gabriela Amancay. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Covacevich, Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Consolo, Verónica Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Behr, Jan H.. Leibniz Institute Of Vegetable And Ornamental Crops (; AlemaniaFil: Sommermann, Loreen. Department Of Agriculture, Ecotrophology And Landscape; AlemaniaFil: Moradtalab, Narges. Department Of Nutritional Crop Physiology, Institute Of; AlemaniaFil: Maccario, Lorrie. Section Of Microbiology, Department Of Biology, Univers; AlemaniaFil: Sørensen, Søren J.. Section Of Microbiology, Department Of Biology, Univers; AlemaniaFil: Deubel, Annette. Department Of Agriculture, Ecotrophology And Landscape; AlemaniaFil: Schellenberg, Ingo. Department Of Agriculture, Ecotrophology And Landscape; AlemaniaFil: Geistlinger, Joerg. Department Of Agriculture, Ecotrophology And Landscape; AlemaniaFil: Neumann, Günter. Department Of Nutritional Crop Physiology, Institute Of; AlemaniaFil: Grosch, Rita. Leibniz Institute Of Vegetable And Ornamental Crops (; AlemaniaFil: Smalla, Kornelia. Julius Kühn Institut Braunschweig; AlemaniaFil: Babin, Doreen. Julius Kühn Institut Braunschweig; Alemani

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements