Language and Linguistics in a Complex World Data, Interdisciplinarity, Transfer, and the Next Generation. ICAME41 Extended Book of Abstracts

This is a collection of papers, work-in-progress reports, and other contributions that were part of the ICAME41 digital conference

Language and Linguistics in a Complex World Data, Interdisciplinarity, Transfer, and the Next Generation. ICAME41 Extended Book of Abstracts

This is a collection of papers, work-in-progress reports, and other contributions that were part of the ICAME41 digital conference

John McGahern’s stylistic and narratological art

The Irish writer John McGahern is acknowledged as a master stylist in both his novels and his short stories. In this article we discuss the stylistic and narratological factors that contribute to the artistry in McGahern’s short story writing. We analyse three stories: “A Slip-up”, “All Sorts of Impossible Things”, and “Creatures of the Earth”, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The stylistic devices that we concentrate on are speech and thought presentation, negative polarity, lexico-semantic foregrounding, prospection and projection, collocation and semantic prosody, and keyness. We argue that by analysing these devices it is possible to gain an insight into the way in which McGahern draws the reader into his stories and generates empathetic responses to his characters. Consequently, these stylistic techniques may be seen as integral to McGahern’s style as a writer.John McGahern, écrivain irlandais, est reconnu comme étant un styliste d’exception, que ce soit dans ses romans ou dans ses nouvelles. Dans cet article, nous analysons quelques-uns des traits stylistiques et narratologiques qui contribuent à faire de John McGahern un maître de la nouvelle. Nous proposons une étude qualitative et quantitative de trois nouvelles, « A Slip-Up », « All sorts of Impossible Things » et « Creatures of the Earth », fondée sur la présentation des paroles et des pensées, la polarité négative, le foregrounding lexico-sémantique, l’anticipation et la projection, la collocation et la prosodie sémantique ainsi que la fréquence d’utilisation de mots-clés. La thèse défendue ici est que l’étude de ces éléments permet de comprendre comment McGahern parvient à impliquer le lecteur dans ses récits et à générer de l’empathie pour ses personnages. En conséquence, ces traits stylistiques peuvent être perçus comme faisant partie intégrante de l’art narratif de McGahern

Einleitung

Der vorliegende Band „Sprachinstitutionen und Sprachkritik“ weist eine unmittelbare Verbindung zu den ersten drei Bänden unserer Handbuchreihe und der Frage auf, wie sich das viel diskutierte und diskursiv konstituierte Konzept der sprachlichen Normierung und Standardisierung einer Nationalsprache im Vergleich der Sprachkulturen entwickelt hat und wie es sich aktuell wandelt. Diese Gesichtspunkte lassen aufschlussreiche Verbindungen zum ersten Handbuchband „Sprachnormierung und Sprachkritik“ erkennen, aber auch zum zweiten („Standardisierung und Sprachkritik“) und zum dritten Handbuchband („Sprachpurismus und Sprachkritik“).This present volume, "Language institutions and language criticism", is directly linked to the first three volumes of our Handbook series and to the question, within a comparison of linguistic cultures, as to the ways in which the much-discussed and discursively constituted concept of linguistic standardisation of a national language has developed, along with the ways in which it is currently changing. This perspective reveals enlightening links to the first volume of the Handbook, "Critique of language norms", along with both the second and third volumes ("Standardisation and language criticism" and "Linguistic purism und language criticism").Le volume suivant, intitulé « Institutions linguistiques et Sprachkritik » présente un lien immédiat avec les trois premiers volumes de notre manuel ainsi qu’avec la question de savoir comment le concept, constitué par le discours et beaucoup discuté, d’uniformisation linguistique et de standardisation d’une langue nationale s’est développé dans une comparaison des cultures linguistiques et comment ce concept change, à l’heure actuelle. Ces points de vue laissent apparaître des liens révélateurs avec le premier volume du manuel intitulé « Normalisation linguistique et Sprachkritik », mais aussi avec le deuxième volume (« Standardisation et Sprachkritik » ) et le troisième (« Purisme linguistique et Sprachkritik »).Il presente volume “Istituzioni linguistiche e Sprachkritik” si collega direttamente ai primi tre volumi della collana del nostro Manuale e alla domanda su come si sia sviluppato il concetto discusso e costruito discorsivamente delle norme linguistiche e della standardizzazione di una lingua nazionale nel confronto tra le diverse culture linguistiche e come questo sia cambiato nella situazione attuale. Questi punti di vista permettono di riconoscere collegamenti tra il primo volume del Manuale “Critica delle norme linguistiche e Sprachkritik”, il secondo “Standardizzazione e Sprachkritik” e il terzo “Purismo e Sprachkritik”.Ovaj svezak „Jezične institucije i jezična kritika“ usko je povezan s prethodnim trima svescima našeg priručnika te se nastavlja baviti pitanjem jezičnog normiranja i standardizacije nacionalnog jezika kao i njegovim razvojem i suvremenim stanjem u različitim jezičnim kulturama. Spomenuta pitanja jasno ukazuju na poveznice ovog dijela priručnika s prvim sveskom „Jezično normiranje i jezična kritika“, kao i s drugim („Standardizacija i jezična kritika“) i trećim („Jezični purizam i jezična kritika“) sveskom

Lektürehinweis

Das Handbuch ist eine periodische und mehrsprachige Online-Publikation. Die bisher veröffentlichten Bände wurden bereits über 8.500 Mal heruntergeladen. Für Leserinnen und Leser, die das haptische Leseerlebnis bevorzugen, ist die Publikation zudem im Printformat erhältlich. Zu ausgewählten Konzepten der Sprachkritik werden sukzessive enzyklopädische Artikel veröffentlicht, die ein sprachkritisches Schlüsselkonzept betreffen und die für die europäische Perspektive von kultureller Bedeutung sind. Das Ziel ist demnach, eine Konzeptgeschichte der europäischen Sprachkritik zu präsentieren. Zum einen liefert das Handbuch einen spezifischen Blick auf die jeweiligen Sprachkulturen. Zum anderen werden diese vergleichend in den Blick genommen.The handbook is a periodical and multilingual online publication. The volumes published to date have already been downloaded more than 8,500 times. For readers who prefer the tactile pleasures of reading, a print version is available. Encyclopaedic articles are published successively on selected topics that highlight key issues in language criticism and that are of cultural relevance for the European perspective. The handbook is aimed at presenting a conceptual history of European language criticism. The handbook not only provides insight into the specific language cultures, but also compares and contrasts them.Ce manuel est une publication en ligne périodique et polyglotte. Les tomes publiés jusqu’à maintenant ont déjà connu plus de 8500 téléchargements. Pour des lectrices et des lecteurs qui privilégieraient une lecture sur papier, la publication de ces tomes est également disponible dans un format imprimé. Sont publiés successivement sur des thèmes à propos de concepts particuliers de Sprachkritik des articles encyclopédiques qui traitent d’un concept clé de Sprachkritik et qui sont porteurs d’une grande signification culturelle dans la perspective européenne. L’objectif est de présenter une histoire conceptuelle de la Sprachkritik européenne. D’une part, ce manuel fournit un regard spécifique sur les cultures linguistiques concernées. D’autre part, ces concepts font l’objet d’une étude comparative.Il Manuale è una pubblicazione online periodica e plurilingue. I volumi finora pubblicati sono stati scaricati più di 8500 volte. Per i lettori, che preferiscono la lettura su carta, la pubblicazione è disponibi-le anche in formato cartaceo. In seguito verranno pubblicati ulteriori articoli enciclopedici su concetti legati alla Sprachkritik, nei quali si approfondisca un concetto chiave legato alla Sprachkritik stessa e che abbiano un’importanza culturale per la prospettiva europea. L’obiettivo è dunque quello di presentare una storia concettuale della Sprachkritik europea: da una parte il Manuale fornisce una visione specifi-ca alle rispettive culture linguistiche; dall’altra esse vengono considerate in chiave comparativa.Priručnik periodički izlazi u obliku višejezične internetske publikacije, a dosad objavljeni svesci preuzeti su s interneta više od 8500 puta. Za one čitateljice i čitatelje koji preferiraju taktilni doživljaj čitanja, publikacija je dostupna i u tiskanom obliku. Na odabrane jezičnokritičke teme postepeno se objavljuju enciklopedijski članci koji obrađuju ključne jezičnokritičke koncepte te su od kulturološkog značaja iz europske perspektive. Cilj je pritom prezentirati povijest koncepta jezične kritike u Europi, pa tako priručnik s jedne strane omogućava jedinstveni uvid u pojedinačne jezične kulture, dok s druge strane uzima u obzir i komparativnu perspektivu istih

Atypical and classical memory B cells produce Plasmodium falciparum neutralizing antibodies

Antibodies can protect from Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infection and clinical malaria disease. However, in the absence of constant reexposure, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels rapidly decline and full protection from clinical symptoms is lost, suggesting that B cell memory is functionally impaired. We show at the single cell level that natural Pf infection induces the development of classical memory B cells (CM) and atypical memory B cells (AtM) that produce broadly neutralizing antibodies against blood stage Pf parasites. CM and AtM contribute to anti-Pf serum IgG production, but only AtM show signs of active antibody secretion. AtM and CM were also different in their IgG gene repertoire, suggesting that they develop from different precursors. The findings provide direct evidence that natural Pf infection leads to the development of protective memory B cell antibody responses and suggest that constant immune activation rather than impaired memory function leads to the accumulation of AtM in malaria. Understanding the memory B cell response to natural Pf infection may be key to the development of a malaria vaccine that induces long-lived protection

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019

Practices of discursive urban place-making in Brooklyn, New York: (hidden) digital and embodied discourse

This paper investigates practices of urban discursive place-making in selected neighborhoods of Brooklyn, New York. I investigate the forms and functions of hitherto neglected multimodal data - semiotic landscapes written on the body, (hidden) Wi-Fi Service Set Identifiers, that is, SSIDs or Wi-Fi names, and #Brooklyn Tweets - and how I have compiled these into a corpus. The corpus currently consists of multivariate data including - among others - ca. 1.3 million words of semi-structured interviews with Brooklynites, ca. 8,000 photographs of the semiotic landscapes in Brooklyn, New York, and ca. 47,000 Wi-Fi SSIDs. The aim of this paper is to show which semiotic forms and constructions of both Wi-Fi SSIDs and #Brooklyn Tweets take on foregrounded practices of so-called discursive urban-place-making and how these interact in the various neighborhoods of Brooklyn and in the virtual spheres related to them. I will show how these practices carry the potential for (re-)indexing specific social values of an urban neighborhood or even the borough itself and how Brooklynites and others comment on the respective neighborhoods. They position themselves in the social, cultural, political, and economic spheres of urbanity. The mixed-methods approach draws on corpus linguistic, sociolinguistic, and stylistic methodology

Heidelberger Lehrerbildung in transatlantischer Kooperation

Über die Schulen in Deutschland wird viel gestritten. Wie viel Digitalisierung gehört ins Klassenzimmer? Welche Rolle soll der Bund übernehmen? Wie bereiten wir unsere Kinder optimal auf die Zukunft vor? Die Universität Heidelberg setzt auf eine stetige Verbeserung der Lehrerausbildung. Dazu wurde jetzt eine Kooperation mit der Columbia University in New York vereinbart. Campus Reporter Nils Birschmann berichtet. Der Beitrag erschien in der Sendereihe "Campus-Report" – einer Beitragsreihe, in der über aktuelle Themen aus Forschung und Wissenschaft der Universitäten Heidelberg, Mannheim, Karlsruhe und Freiburg berichtet wird. Zu hören ist "Campus-Report" montags bis freitags jeweils um ca. 19.10h im Programm von Radio Regenbogen (Empfang in Nordbaden: UKW 102,8. In Mittelbaden: 100,4 und in Südbaden: 101,1)