Evaluación técnico-económica utilizando trigo (Triticum vulgare), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), cebada (Hordeum vulgare) como complemento alimenticio en la producción de pollo de engorde

Anexo A. Balanceo de raciones para tratamiento 1, ABC + trigo. ETAPA DE INICIACIÓN MATERIA PRIMA proteína Energía Kcal/Kg Humedad Grasas Fibra Cenizas Fosforo Calcio Cys+Met Triptófano Lisina REQUERIMIENTO 21 3200 2.0 5.0% 8.0 0.45 1.00 0.90 1.10 ABC 21 3200 13.00% 2.0 5.0 8.0 0.45 1.00 0.90 1.10 TRIGO 10.2 2965 11.5 1.4 2.4 1.5 0.29 0.05 0.34 0.10 0.24 BALANCEO ABC 14.7 2240 1.4 3.5 5.6 0.31 0.7 0.63 0.77 TRIGO 3.06 889 0.42 0.72 2.5 0.08 0.015 0.10 0.07 TOTAL SIMNISTRO 17.76 3129 1.8 4.22 8.1 0.39 0.71 0.73 0.84 ETAPA LEVANTE FINALZACIÓN MATERIA PRIMA Proteína Energía Kcal/Kg Humedad Grasas Fibra Cenizas Fosforo Calcio Cys+Met Triptofano Lisina REQUERIMIENTO 18 3200 2.0 6.0 8.0 0.35 0.90 0.72 1.0 ABC 18 3200 13.00% 2.0 6.0 8.0 0.35 0.90 0.72 1.0 TRIGO 10.2 2965 11.5 1.4 2.4 1.5 0.29 0.05 0.34 0.10 0.24 BALANCEO ABC 12.6 2240 1.4 4.2 5.6 0.24 0.63 0.50 0.53 TRIGO 3.06 889 0.42 0.72 2.5 0.08 0.015 0.10 0.07 TOTAL SIMNISTRO 15.66 3129 1.8 4.92 8.1 0.32 0.64 0.60 0.60 Fuente. Los autores 2018 Balanceo de dieta para T2: ABC 70% + Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) 30% Anexo B. Balanceo de dieta para el T2: ABC 70% + Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) 30% ETAPA DE INICIACIÓN MATERIA PRIMA Proteina Energía Kcal/Kg Humedad Grasas Fibra Cenizas Fosforo Calcio Cys+Met Triptofano Lisina REQUERIMIENTO 21 3200 2.0 5.0 8.0 0.45 1.00 0.90 1.10 ABC 21 3200 13.00% 2.0 5.0 8.0 0.45 1.00 0.90 1.10 ALFALFA 15.2 620 11.5 2.3 26.2 11.2 0.25 1.60 0.20 0.12 0.35 BALANCEO ABC 14.7 2240 1.4 3.5 6.4 0.31 0.7 0.63 0.77 ALFALFA 4.56 186 0.6 7.8 3.3 0.07 0.48 0.06 0.10 TOTAL SIMNISTRO 19.26 2426 2.0 11.3 9.7 0.38 1.1 0.69 0.87 ETAPA LEVANTE FINALZACIÓN MATERIA PRIMA Proteina Energía Kcal/Kg Humedad Grasas Fibra Cenizas Fosforo Calcio Cys+Met Triptofano Lisina REQUERIMIENTO 18 3200 2.0 6.0 8.0 0.35 0.90 0.72 1.0 ABC 18 3200 13.00% 2.0 6.0 8.0 0.35 0.90 0.72 1.0 ALFALFA 15.2 620 11.5 2.3 26.2 11.2 0.25 1.60 0.20 0.12 0.35 BALANCEO ABC 12.6 2240 1.4 4.2 5.6 0.24 0.63 0.50 0.53 ALFALFA 4.56 186 0.6 7.8 3.3 0.07 0.48 0.06 0.10 TOTAL SIMNISTRO 17.16 2426 2.0 12 8.9 0.31 1.1 0.56 0.63 Fuente. Los autores 2018. Anexo C. Balanceo de dieta para T3: ABC 70% + Cebada (Hordeum Vulgare) 30% ETAPA DE INICIACIÓN MATERIA PRIMA Proteina Energía Kcal/Kg Humedad Grasas Fibra Cenizas Fosforo Calcio Cys+Met Triptofano Lisina REQUERIMIENTO 21 3200 2.0 5.0 8.0 0.45 1.00 0.90 1.10 ABC 21 3200 13.00% 2.0 5.0 8.0 0.45 1.00 0.90 1.10 CEBADA 9.6 2345 11.1% 1.7 4.7 2.2 0.32 0.06 0.29 0.087 0.26 BALANCEO ABC 14.7 2240 1.4 3.5 6.4 0.31 0.7 0.63 0.77 CEBADA 7.29 703 0.5 1.4 0.6 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.07 TOTAL SIMNISTRO 21.99 2943 1.9 4.9 7.0 0.41 0.7 0.71 0.84 ETAPA LEVANTE FINALZACIÓN MATERIA PRIMA Proteína Energía Kcal/Kg Humedad Grasas Fibra Cenizas Fosforo Calcio Cys+Met Triptofano Lisina REQUERIMIENTO 18 3200 2.0 6.0 8.0 0.35 0.90 0.72 1.0 ABC 18 3200 13.00% 2.0 6.0 8.0 0.35 0.90 0.72 1.0 CEBADA 9.6 2345 11.1% 1.7 4.7 2.2 0.32 0.06 0.29 0.087 0.26 BALANCEO ABC 12.6 2240 1.4 4.2 5.6 0.24 0.63 0.50 0.53 CEBADA 7.29 703 0.5 1.4 0.6 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.07 TOTAL SIMNISTRO 19.8 2426 2.0 5.6 8.9 0.33 0.64 0.58 0.6 Fuente. Los autores 2018. Anexo D. Consumo de alimento para los cuatro tratamientos TRATAMIENTO T0= ALIMENTO BALANCEADO COMERCIAL (ABC) DIA SEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total semana Kgs/ave/sem Total consumo acumulado/ave/sem Kgs Total Consumo Acum/Lote Kgs 1 18 19.7 20 20.6 23 26 30 0.157 0.157 39.25 2 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 0.378 0.535 94.50 3 78 84 90 93 95 97 99 0.636 1.171 159.00 4 102 105 108 111 114 117 120 0.777 1.948 194.25 5 123 126 129 132 136 140 145 0.931 2.879 232.75 6 150 156 162 169 176 183 190 1.186 4.065 296.50 7 197 204 211 218 223 227 231 1.511 5.576 377.75 TOTAL 5.576 139.40 TRATAMIENTO T1 (ABC 70% + Trigo (Triticum vulgare) 30%) SEM DIA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total semana/Kgs/ave/sem Total consumo acumulado/ave/sem Kgs Total Consumo Lote Kgs 1 18 18.6 19.5 20 23 26 26.32 0.151 0.151 37.75 2 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 0.378 0.529 90.72 3 77.5 84 90 93 95 97 99 0.636 1.165 152.64 4 102 105 108 111 114 117 120 0.777 1.942 186.48 5 123 126 129 132 136 140 145 0.931 2.873 223.44 6 150 156 162 169 176 183 190 1.186 4.059 284.64 7 197 204 211 218 223 227 231 1.511 5.570 332.42 TOTAL 5.570 130.81 TRATAMIENTO T2 (ABC 70% + Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) 30%) DIA SEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total semana/Kgs/ave/sem Total consumo acumulado/ave/sem Kgs Consumo Lote Kgs 1 15 16.2 16.8 17 16.88 20.52 29.04 0.131 0.131 32.86 2 32 41.1 47.4 53.52 59.28 65.52 71.68 0.370 0.501 92.62 3 77.6 84 90 93 95 97 99 0.468 0.971 112.46 4 102 105 108 111 114 117 120 0.777 1.747 186.48 5 123 126 129 132 136 140 145 0.931 2.679 223.44 6 150 156 162 169 176 183 190 1.186 3.864 284.64 7 197 204 211 218 223 227 231 1.511 5.376 347.53 TOTAL 5.376 128.00 TRATAMIENTO T3= Alimento Balanceado Comercial 70%, Cebada (Hordeum vulgare) 30% DIA SEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total semana/Kgs Total consumo acumulado /ave/semana Kgs Consumo Lote Kgs 1 18 19.2 20.5 21.4 23 26 30 0.158 0.158 39.52 2 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 0.378 0.536 90.72 3 78 84 90 93 95 97 99 0.636 1.172 152.64 4 102 105 108 111 114 117 120 0.777 1.949 186.48 5 123 126 129 132 136 140 145 0.931 2.880 223.44 6 150 156 162 169 176 183 190 1.015 3.895 243.60 7 197 204 211 218 223 227 231 1.511 5.406 347.53 TOTAL 5.406 128.39 Fuente. Los autores 2018 Anexo E. Resultados de control de peso en los cuatro tratamientos PESO TTO. TO: ABC T1: ABC + TRIGO (Triticum vulgare) T2: ABC +ALFALFA (Medicago sativa) T3: ABC + CEBADA (Hordeum vulgare) Peso Pollo kgs Peso Lote Kgs Peso Pollo Kgs Peso Lote Ks Peso Pollo Kgs Peso Lote Kgs Peso Pollo Kgs Peso Lote Kgs 1 0.149 3.72 0.144 3.60 0.145 3.63 0.156 3.90 2 0.291 7.26 0.315 7.56 0.221 5.53 0.288 6.91 3 0.609 15.22 0.495 11.89 0.467 11.20 0.475 11.40 4 0.995 24.86 0.702 16.85 0.761 18.26 0.859 20.62 5 1.432 35.80 1.346 32.30 1.330 31.92 1.499 35.98 6 2.035 50.85 1.642 37.76 1.774 42.57 2.098 50.35 7 3.398 84.95 2.730 60.O6 2.854 65.64 3.115 71.65 Fuente: Los autores, 2018 Anexo F. Ganancia de peso total/ave (g) y peso total TRATAMIENTO REPETICIONES PESO TOTAL/AVE (g) PESO TOTAL (g) T0: Alimento balanceado comercial (ABC) 100% 25 3.398 84.950 T1: ABC 70% + Trigo (Tritucum Vulgare) 30% 22 2.730 60.060 T2: ABC 70% + Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) 30% 23 2.854 65.642 T3: ABC 70% + Cebada (Hordeum Vulgare) 30% 23 3.115 71.645 Fuente: Los autores, 2018 Anexo G. Costos de la alimentación en cada uno de los tratamientos por ave. TRATAMIENTO TO= ABC (ALIMENTO BALANCEADO COMERCIAL) ALIMENTO Consumo kg/ave Valor Kg alimento Valor Total Iniciación 0.228 1.455 228 Levante 5.514 1.411 5.514 Engorde 1.511 1.572 $2.375 Total, Costo/ave$ 8.117 TRATAMIENTO T1 = ABC 70% + TRIGO (Triticum vulgare) 30% ALIMENTO Consumo kg/ave Valor Kg alimento $Valor Total$ Iniciación 105.5 1.455 106 Levante 2735 1.411 3.859 Engorde 1057 1.572 1.662 Trigo 452 1.280 578 Total, Costo/ave $6205 TRATAMIENTO T2 = ABC 70$ Valor Total $Iniciación 0.91 1.455 133 Levante 2.609 1.411 3.680 Engorde 1.057 1.572 1.662 Alfalfa 0.452 1.037 469 Total, Costo/ave$ 5944 TRATAMIENTO T2 = ABC 70% + CEBADA (Hordeum vulgare) + 30% ALIMENTO Consumo kg/ave Valor Kg alimento $Valor Total$ Iniciación 0.110 1.455 160 Levante 2.615 1.411 3.691 Engorde 1.222 1.572 1.662 Cebada 0.452 1.600 723 Total, Costo/ave $6236 Fuente: Los autores, 2018 Anexo H. Costos totales para los 4 tratamientos. COSTO GRUPO TOTAL T0 T1 T2 T3 Costo aves$3.500/ave /25 aves $87.500$87.500 $87.500$87.500 $350.000 Costo arriendo$20.000 $20.000$20.000 $20.000$80.000 Costo alimento $202.925$148.920 $142.656$149.664 $644.165 Costo sanidad$250/ave/25 aves $6.25O$6.25O $6.25O$6.25O $25.000 Costo mano de obra$111.652 $111.652$111.652 $111.652$446.610 SUBTOTAL $428.327$374.322 $368.058$375.066 1.545.775 Imprevistos 3% $12.849$11.229 $11.041$11.251 $46.370 TOTAL$441.176 $385.551$379.099 $386.317$1.592.148 Fuente. Los autores. Anexo I. Ingresos por venta de pollos para los cuatro tratamientos INGRESOS- GRUPO T0 T1 T2 T3 Total aves para venta 25 22 23 23 Total kgs de carne de pollos para venta 84.95 60.06 65.64 71.65 Valor venta kg. de carne de pollo $9.000 9.000 9.000 9.000 Ingreso por venta de pollos$764.550 $540.540$590.760 $ 648.850 Fuente: Los autores, 2018La producción de pollo de engorde es una de las actividades agropecuarias alternativa para pequeños productores de la zona de Boyacá; para lo cual como profesionales debemos proponer alternativas nutricionales sostenibles en el tiempo, que bajen los costos de producción y mejoren la calidad de la carne de pollo para el consumidor. El presente proyecto aplicado se desarrolló para evaluar técnica y económica la producción de pollo haciendo uso de trigo (Triticum vulgare), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) y cebada (Hordeum vulgare), como reemplazo de concentrado comercial en un 30% de las dietas propuestas. Se utilizaron 100 pollos de la línea Roos, los cuales se distribuyeron en 4 tratamientos, T0 (ABC Alimento balanceado comercial 100%,), T1 (ABC 70% + Trigo 30%), T2 (ABC 70% + Alfalfa 30%), T3 (ABC 70% + Cebada 30%); se hizo evaluación de ganancia de peso (GDP), conversión alimenticia (CA) y costos de producción (CP), utilizando el modelo de bloques completamente al zar y test de Duncan. De acuerdo al Anova no se encontraron diferencias significativas (P>0.05) en la GDP en gr, el mejor tratamiento fue el de T0, seguido por T3, T2 y T1 (66.30, 52.77, 55.28 y 60.38 gr. respectivamente). Para la CA el mejor tratamiento es el T0 (1.64) seguido por T3 (1.73), T2 (1.88) y finalmente el T1 (2.04). Aplicando el test de Duncan se encontró que la mejor propuesta tanto para GDP como la CA fue el T3. Realizado el análisis de costos el tratamiento T0, fue el de mayor inversión, pero a pesar de esto presento la mayor utilidad; los demás tratamientos a pesar de su reemplazo parcial del 30%, bajaron los costos; pero se presentó mayor mortalidad lo cual influyo negativamente en las rentabilidad económica de los tratamientos propuestos. Palabras clave. Avicultura, nutrición aviar, rentabilidad, sostenibilidad, balanceo de raciones.The production of broiler is one of the alternative agricultural activities for small producers in the Boyacá area; for which as professionals we must propose sustainable nutritional alternatives over time, which lower production costs and improve the quality of chicken meat for the consumer. The present project was developed to evaluate technically and economically the production of chicken using wheat (Triticum vulgare), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), as a commercial concentrate replacement in 30% of the proposed diets. 100 chickens of the Roos line were used, which were distributed in 4 treatments, T0 (ABC balanced commercial feed 100%,), T1 (ABC 70% + Wheat 30%), T2 (ABC 70% + Alfalfa 30%), T (ABC 70% + Barley 30%); weight gain (GDP), feed conversion (CA) and production costs (CP) were made, using the block model completely to the tsar and the Duncan test. According to the Anova, no significant differences were found (P> 0.05) in GDP in gr, the best treatment was T0, followed by T3, T2 and T1 (66.30, 52.77, 55.28 and 60.38 gr, respectively). For CA the best treatment is T0 (1.64) followed by T3 (1.73), T2 (1.88) and finally T1 (2.04). Applying the Duncan test it was found that the best proposal for both GDP and CA was T3. Once the cost analysis was done, the T0 treatment was the one with the highest investment, but in spite of this I present the greatest utility; the other treatments, despite their partial replacement of 30%, lowered the costs; but there was a higher mortality which negatively affected the economic profitability of the proposed treatments. Keywords. Poultry, avian nutrition, profitability, sustainability, ration balancing

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Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

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