Analysis of norfloxacin ecotoxicity and the relation with its degradation by means of electrochemical oxidation using different anodes

[EN] In this work, ecotoxicological bioassays based on Lactuca sativa seeds and bioluminescent bacterium (Vibrio fischeri) have been carried out in order to quantify the toxicity of Norfloxacin (NOR) and sodium sulfate solutions, before and after treating them using electrochemical advanced oxidation. The effect of some process variables (anode material, reactor configuration and applied current) on the toxicity evolution of the treated solution has been studied. A NOR solution shows an EC50 (5 days) of 336 mg L-1 towards Lactuca sativa. This threshold NOR concentration decreases with sodium sulfate concentration, in solutions that contain simultaneously Norfloxacin and sodium sulfate. In every case considered in this work, the electrochemical advanced oxidation process increased the toxicity (towards both Lactuca sativa and Vibrio fischeri) of the solution. This toxicity increase is mainly due to the persulfate formation during the electrochemical treatment. From a final solution toxicity point of view, the best results were obtained using a BDD anode in a divided reactor applying the lowest current intensity.The authors are very grateful to the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Projects CTQ2015-65202-C2-1-R and RTI2018-101341-B-C21) for their economic support.Montañés, M.; García Gabaldón, M.; Roca-Pérez, L.; Giner-Sanz, JJ.; Mora-Gómez, J.; Pérez-Herranz, V. (2020). Analysis of norfloxacin ecotoxicity and the relation with its degradation by means of electrochemical oxidation using different anodes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 188:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109923S110188Banks, M. K., & Schultz, K. E. (2005). Comparison of Plants for Germination Toxicity Tests in Petroleum-Contaminated Soils. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 167(1-4), 211-219. doi:10.1007/s11270-005-8553-4Barreto, J. P. d. P., Araujo, K. C. d. F., de Araujo, D. M., & Martinez-Huitle, C. A. (2015). Effect of sp3/sp2 Ratio on Boron Doped Diamond Films for Producing Persulfate. ECS Electrochemistry Letters, 4(12), E9-E11. doi:10.1149/2.0061512eelBueno, F., Borba, F. H., Pellenz, L., Schmitz, M., Godoi, B., Espinoza-Quiñones, F. R., … Módenes, A. N. (2018). Degradation of ciprofloxacin by the Electrochemical Peroxidation process using stainless steel electrodes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(2), 2855-2864. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2018.04.033Carlesi Jara, C., Fino, D., Specchia, V., Saracco, G., & Spinelli, P. (2007). Electrochemical removal of antibiotics from wastewaters. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 70(1-4), 479-487. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.11.035Charles, J., Crini, G., Degiorgi, F., Sancey, B., Morin-Crini, N., & Badot, P.-M. (2013). Unexpected toxic interactions in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) exposed to binary copper and nickel mixtures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(2), 1099-1111. doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1978-1Chen, M., & Chu, W. (2012). Degradation of antibiotic norfloxacin in aqueous solution by visible-light-mediated C-TiO2 photocatalysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 219-220, 183-189. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.03.074Coledam, D. A. C., Aquino, J. M., Silva, B. F., Silva, A. J., & Rocha-Filho, R. C. (2016). Electrochemical mineralization of norfloxacin using distinct boron-doped diamond anodes in a filter-press reactor, with investigations of toxicity and oxidation by-products. Electrochimica Acta, 213, 856-864. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.003Da Silva, S. W., Navarro, E. M. O., Rodrigues, M. A. S., Bernardes, A. M., & Pérez-Herranz, V. (2019). Using p-Si/BDD anode for the electrochemical oxidation of norfloxacin. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 832, 112-120. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.10.049Davis, J., Baygents, J. C., & Farrell, J. (2014). Understanding Persulfate Production at Boron Doped Diamond Film Anodes. Electrochimica Acta, 150, 68-74. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.104Oliveira, G. A. R. de, Leme, D. M., de Lapuente, J., Brito, L. B., Porredón, C., Rodrigues, L. de B., … Oliveira, D. P. de. (2018). A test battery for assessing the ecotoxic effects of textile dyes. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 291, 171-179. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.026Drèze, V., Monod, G., Cravedi, J.-P., Biagianti-Risbourg, S., & Le Gac, F. (2000). Ecotoxicology, 9(1/2), 93-103. doi:10.1023/a:1008976431227Flaherty, C. M., & Dodson, S. I. (2005). Effects of pharmaceuticals on Daphnia survival, growth, and reproduction. Chemosphere, 61(2), 200-207. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.016González-Pleiter, M., Gonzalo, S., Rodea-Palomares, I., Leganés, F., Rosal, R., Boltes, K., … Fernández-Piñas, F. (2013). Toxicity of five antibiotics and their mixtures towards photosynthetic aquatic organisms: Implications for environmental risk assessment. Water Research, 47(6), 2050-2064. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.020Gustavson, K. E., Sonsthagen, S. A., Crunkilton, R. A., & Harkin, J. M. (2000). Groundwater toxicity assessment using bioassay, chemical, and toxicity identification evaluation analyses. Environmental Toxicology, 15(5), 421-430. doi:10.1002/1522-7278(2000)15:53.0.co;2-zHeberle, A. N. A., Alves, M. E. P., da Silva, S. W., Klauck, C. R., Rodrigues, M. A. S., & Bernardes, A. M. (2019). Phytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol solution treated by UV-based oxidation processes. Environmental Pollution, 249, 354-361. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.057Iniesta, J. (2001). Electrochemical oxidation of phenol at boron-doped diamond electrode. Electrochimica Acta, 46(23), 3573-3578. doi:10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00630-2Larsson, D. G. J., de Pedro, C., & Paxeus, N. (2007). Effluent from drug manufactures contains extremely high levels of pharmaceuticals. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 148(3), 751-755. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.008Leme, D. M., & Marin-Morales, M. A. (2009). Allium cepa test in environmental monitoring: A review on its application. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 682(1), 71-81. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2009.06.002Li, Y., Niu, J., & Wang, W. (2011). Photolysis of Enrofloxacin in aqueous systems under simulated sunlight irradiation: Kinetics, mechanism and toxicity of photolysis products. Chemosphere, 85(5), 892-897. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.008Liu, P., Zhang, H., Feng, Y., Yang, F., & Zhang, J. (2014). Removal of trace antibiotics from wastewater: A systematic study of nanofiltration combined with ozone-based advanced oxidation processes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 240, 211-220. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.11.057Mao, F., He, Y., & Gin, K. (2018). Evaluating the Joint Toxicity of Two Benzophenone-Type UV Filters on the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Response Surface Methodology. Toxics, 6(1), 8. doi:10.3390/toxics6010008Mora-Gómez, J., García-Gabaldón, M., Ortega, E., Sánchez-Rivera, M.-J., Mestre, S., & Pérez-Herranz, V. (2018). Evaluation of new ceramic electrodes based on Sb-doped SnO2 for the removal of emerging compounds present in wastewater. Ceramics International, 44(2), 2216-2222. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.10.178Mora-Gomez, J., Ortega, E., Mestre, S., Pérez-Herranz, V., & García-Gabaldón, M. (2019). Electrochemical degradation of norfloxacin using BDD and new Sb-doped SnO2 ceramic anodes in an electrochemical reactor in the presence and absence of a cation-exchange membrane. Separation and Purification Technology, 208, 68-75. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2018.05.017Özcan, A., Atılır Özcan, A., & Demirci, Y. (2016). Evaluation of mineralization kinetics and pathway of norfloxacin removal from water by electro-Fenton treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 304, 518-526. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.105Priac, A., Badot, P.-M., & Crini, G. (2017). Treated wastewater phytotoxicity assessment using Lactuca sativa : Focus on germination and root elongation test parameters. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 340(3), 188-194. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2017.01.002Radix, P., Léonard, M., Papantoniou, C., Roman, G., Saouter, E., Gallotti-Schmitt, S., … Vasseur, P. (2000). Comparison of Four Chronic Toxicity Tests Using Algae, Bacteria, and Invertebrates Assessed with Sixteen Chemicals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 47(2), 186-194. doi:10.1006/eesa.2000.1966Rizzo, L. (2011). Bioassays as a tool for evaluating advanced oxidation processes in water and wastewater treatment. Water Research, 45(15), 4311-4340. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.035Seco, J. I., Fernández-Pereira, C., & Vale, J. (2003). A study of the leachate toxicity of metal-containing solid wastes using Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 56(3), 339-350. doi:10.1016/s0147-6513(03)00102-7Uzu, G., Sobanska, S., Sarret, G., Muñoz, M., & Dumat, C. (2010). Foliar Lead Uptake by Lettuce Exposed to Atmospheric Fallouts. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(3), 1036-1042. doi:10.1021/es902190uVasconcelos, T. G., Henriques, D. M., König, A., Martins, A. F., & Kümmerer, K. (2009). Photo-degradation of the antimicrobial ciprofloxacin at high pH: Identification and biodegradability assessment of the primary by-products. Chemosphere, 76(4), 487-493. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.022Wang, W. C., & Freemark, K. (1995). The Use of Plants for Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 30(3), 289-301. doi:10.1006/eesa.1995.1033Wang, X., Sun, C., Gao, S., Wang, L., & Shuokui, H. (2001). Validation of germination rate and root elongation as indicator to assess phytotoxicity with Cucumis sativus. Chemosphere, 44(8), 1711-1721. doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00520-8Yang, L.-H., Ying, G.-G., Su, H.-C., Stauber, J. L., Adams, M. S., & Binet, M. T. (2008). GROWTH-INHIBITING EFFECTS OF 12 ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS AND THEIR MIXTURES ON THE FRESHWATER MICROALGA PSEUDOKIRCHNERIELLA SUBCAPITATA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 27(5), 1201. doi:10.1897/07-471.1Yuan, F., Hu, C., Hu, X., Wei, D., Chen, Y., & Qu, J. (2011). Photodegradation and toxicity changes of antibiotics in UV and UV/H2O2 process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185(2-3), 1256-1263. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.040Zhou, Y., Xu, Y.-B., Xu, J.-X., Zhang, X.-H., Xu, S.-H., & Du, Q.-P. (2015). Combined Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals and Antibiotics on a Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain ZY2 Isolated from Swine Wastewater. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(2), 2839-2850. doi:10.3390/ijms16022839Zhu, L., Santiago-Schübel, B., Xiao, H., Hollert, H., & Kueppers, S. (2016). Electrochemical oxidation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics: Mechanism, residual antibacterial activity and toxicity change. Water Research, 102, 52-62. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.00

Combination of searches for Higgs boson pairs in pp collisions at \sqrts = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This letter presents a combination of searches for Higgs boson pair production using up to 36.1 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The combination is performed using six analyses searching for Higgs boson pairs decaying into the b (b) over barb (b) over bar, b (b) over barW(+)W(-), b (b) over bar tau(+)tau(-), W+W-W+W-, b (b) over bar gamma gamma and W+W-gamma gamma final states. Results are presented for non-resonant and resonant Higgs boson pair production modes. No statistically significant excess in data above the Standard Model predictions is found. The combined observed (expected) limit at 95% confidence level on the non-resonant Higgs boson pair production cross-section is 6.9 (10) times the predicted Standard Model cross-section. Limits are also set on the ratio (kappa(lambda)) of the Higgs boson self-coupling to its Standard Model value. This ratio is constrained at 95% confidence level in observation (expectation) to -5.0 &lt; kappa(lambda) &lt; 12.0 (-5.8 &lt; kappa(lambda) &lt; 12.0). In addition, limits are set on the production of narrow scalar resonances and spin-2 Kaluza-Klein Randall-Sundrum gravitons. Exclusion regions are also provided in the parameter space of the habemus Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and the Electroweak Singlet Model. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.135103</p

Searches for lepton-flavour-violating decays of the Higgs boson in s=13\sqrt{s}=13 TeV pp\mathit{pp} collisions with the ATLAS detector

This Letter presents direct searches for lepton flavour violation in Higgs boson decays, H → eτ and H → μτ , performed with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The searches are based on a data sample of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy √s = 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1. No significant excess is observed above the expected background from Standard Model processes. The observed (median expected) 95% confidence-level upper limits on the leptonflavour-violating branching ratios are 0.47% (0.34+0.13−0.10%) and 0.28% (0.37+0.14−0.10%) for H → eτ and H → μτ , respectively.publishedVersio

Search for flavour-changing neutral currents in processes with one top quark and a photon using 81 fb⁻¹ of pp collisions at \sqrts = 13 TeV with the ATLAS experiment

A search for flavour-changing neutral current (FCNC) events via the coupling of a top quark, a photon, and an up or charm quark is presented using 81 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data taken at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events with a photon, an electron or muon, a b-tagged jet, and missing transverse momentum are selected. A neural network based on kinematic variables differentiates between events from signal and background processes. The data are consistent with the background-only hypothesis, and limits are set on the strength of the tqγ coupling in an effective field theory. These are also interpreted as 95% CL upper limits on the cross section for FCNC tγ production via a left-handed (right-handed) tuγ coupling of 36 fb (78 fb) and on the branching ratio for t→γu of 2.8×10−5 (6.1×10−5). In addition, they are interpreted as 95% CL upper limits on the cross section for FCNC tγ production via a left-handed (right-handed) tcγ coupling of 40 fb (33 fb) and on the branching ratio for t→γc of 22×10−5 (18×10−5). © 2019 The Author(s

Prompt and non-prompt J/psi elliptic flow in Pb plus Pb collisions at root S-NN=5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The elliptic flow of prompt and non-prompt J/ \u3c8 was measured in the dimuon decay channel in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=5.02&nbsp;TeV with an integrated luminosity of 0.42nb-1 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The prompt and non-prompt signals are separated using a two-dimensional simultaneous fit of the invariant mass and pseudo-proper decay time of the dimuon system from the J/ \u3c8 decay. The measurement is performed in the kinematic range of dimuon transverse momentum and rapidity 9 &lt; pT&lt; 30 GeV , | y| &lt; 2 , and 0\u201360% collision centrality. The elliptic flow coefficient, v2, is evaluated relative to the event plane and the results are presented as a function of transverse momentum, rapidity and centrality. It is found that prompt and non-prompt J/ \u3c8 mesons have non-zero elliptic flow. Prompt J/ \u3c8v2 decreases as a function of pT, while for non-prompt J/ \u3c8 it is, with limited statistical significance, consistent with a flat behaviour over the studied kinematic region. There is no observed dependence on rapidity or centrality

Evidence for the production of three massive vector bosons with the ATLAS detector

A search for the production of three massive vector bosons in proton-proton collisions is performed using data at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in the years 2015-2017, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $79.8$ fb$^{-1}$. Events with two same-sign leptons $\ell$ (electrons or muons) and at least two reconstructed jets are selected to search for $WWW \to \ell \nu \ell \nu qq$. Events with three leptons without any same-flavour opposite-sign lepton pairs are used to search for $WWW \to \ell \nu \ell\nu \ell \nu$, while events with three leptons and at least one same-flavour opposite-sign lepton pair and one or more reconstructed jets are used to search for $WWZ \to \ell \nu qq \ell \ell$. Finally, events with four leptons are analysed to search for $WWZ \to \ell \nu \ell \nu \ell \ell$ and $WZZ \to qq \ell \ell \ell \ell$. Evidence for the joint production of three massive vector bosons is observed with a significance of 4.1 standard deviations, where the expectation is 3.1 standard deviations.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 6 figures, 5 tables, matching published paper in Phys. Lett. B. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2017-2