Development of ReflEXAFS data analysis for deeper surface structure studies

An analytical approach to the analysis of ReflEXAFS data collected from complex multilayer samples, at a range of angles above and below the critical angle is presented. The aim of the technique is to generate a structural model of the investigated system that is consistent with the variable depth sensitivity of the experimental data. The procedure follows three main steps (i) the determination of the free atom reflectivity background for the multilayer system, (ii) the estimation of the depth dependent EXAFS signals and (iii) the calculation of the corresponding ReflEXAFS components. By iterating between steps (ii) and (iii), and varying the estimates of the EXAFS signals, a consistent set of structural parameters is extracted that reflects the bulk structure of the multilayer system through the basic reflectivity signals, and the depth dependent local atomic structure through the estimated EXAFS components. An example of the depth dependent structure of copper in a copper-chromium multilayer stack is presented to illustrate the capabilities of the method

Deep properties of surface pronouns: Pronominal predicate anaphors in Norwegian and German

This is the accepted manuscript version of the article. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10828-013-9057-z</a

Small corpora and pragmatics

Corpus linguistics is more often than not associated with large-scale collections of spoken or written data, representing genres, varieties or contexts of use. Many of these have been successfully exploited for pragmatics research, producing generalised findings that hold across a range of texts. However, it may be argued that rather than stopping at generalised findings that note the frequency of pragmatic phenomena in large corpora, an important research agenda now foregrounds a focus on small corpora and local pragmatic patterns. This chapter will argue that smaller, carefully collected, context-specific corpora, both spoken and written, are of great import in pragmatics research. Many pragmatic features of language such as deixis or pragmatic markers play a fundamental role in communication, and, in these cases, are linguistically realised in the type of ‘small’ linguistic items that tend to be frequent in all corpora. Therefore, smaller corpora provide a platform for not only establishing the range and frequency of these items but the role of different genres or contexts in characterising their use. We will provide evidence for this in the form of two corpus case studies in order to illustrate how small corpora have created a practical and empirical route for the study of pragmatics, and how this synergy of small corpora and pragmatic research provides rich and contextualised finding