25,201,007 research outputs found
Measurement of the multi-TeV neutrino cross section with IceCube using Earth absorption
Neutrinos interact only very weakly, so they are extremely penetrating.
However, the theoretical neutrino-nucleon interaction cross section rises with
energy such that, at energies above 40 TeV, neutrinos are expected to be
absorbed as they pass through the Earth. Experimentally, the cross section has
been measured only at the relatively low energies (below 400 GeV) available at
neutrino beams from accelerators \cite{Agashe:2014kda, Formaggio:2013kya}. Here
we report the first measurement of neutrino absorption in the Earth, using a
sample of 10,784 energetic upward-going neutrino-induced muons observed with
the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The flux of high-energy neutrinos transiting
long paths through the Earth is attenuated compared to a reference sample that
follows shorter trajectories through the Earth. Using a fit to the
two-dimensional distribution of muon energy and zenith angle, we determine the
cross section for neutrino energies between 6.3 TeV and 980 TeV, more than an
order of magnitude higher in energy than previous measurements. The measured
cross section is (stat.) (syst.)
times the prediction of the Standard Model \cite{CooperSarkar:2011pa},
consistent with the expectation for charged and neutral current interactions.
We do not observe a dramatic increase in the cross section, expected in some
speculative models, including those invoking new compact dimensions
\cite{AlvarezMuniz:2002ga} or the production of leptoquarks
\cite{Romero:2009vu}.Comment: Preprint version of Nature paper 10.1038/nature2445
FBSDEs with time delayed generators:L-P-solutions, differentiability, representation formulas and path regularity
AbstractWe extend the work of Delong and Imkeller (2010) [6,7] concerning backward stochastic differential equations with time delayed generators (delay BSDEs). We give moment and a priori estimates in general Lp-spaces and provide sufficient conditions for the solution of a delay BSDE to exist in Lp. We introduce decoupled systems of SDEs and delay BSDEs (delay FBSDEs) and give sufficient conditions for their variational differentiability. We connect these variational derivatives to the Malliavin derivatives of delay FBSDEs via the usual representation formulas. We conclude with several path regularity results, in particular we extend the classic L2-path regularity to delay FBSDEs
Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA)
Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are an important cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with poor prognosis, particularly in high-risk patients. The cornerstones in the management of complicated IAIs are timely effective source control with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is important in the management of intra-abdominal infections and must be broad enough to cover all likely organisms because inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor patient outcomes and the development of bacterial resistance. The overuse of antimicrobials is widely accepted as a major driver of some emerging infections (such as C. difficile), the selection of resistant pathogens in individual patients, and for the continued development of antimicrobial resistance globally. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the limited development of new agents available to counteract them have caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially with regards to Gram-negative bacteria. An international task force from 79 different countries has joined this project by sharing a document on the rational use of antimicrobials for patients with IAIs. The project has been termed AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections). The authors hope that AGORA, involving many of the world's leading experts, can actively raise awareness in health workers and can improve prescribing behavior in treating IAIs
A magnetic reconnection model for explaining the multi-wavelength emission of the microquasars Cyg X-1 and Cyg X-3
Recent studies have indicated that cosmic ray acceleration by a first-order
Fermi process in magnetic reconnection current sheets can be efficient enough
in the surrounds of compact sources. In this work, we discuss this acceleration
mechanism operating in the core region of galactic black hole binaries (or
microquasars) and show the conditions under which this can be more efficient
than shock acceleration. In addition, we compare the corresponding acceleration
rate with the relevant radiative loss rates obtaining the possible energy
cut-off of the accelerated particles and also compute the expected spectral
energy distribution (SED) for two sources of this class, namely Cygnus X-1 and
Cygnus X-3, considering both leptonic and hadronic processes. The derived SEDs
are comparable to the observed ones in the low and high energy ranges. Our
results suggest that hadronic non-thermal emission due to photo-meson
production may produce the very high energy gamma-rays in these microquasars.Comment: 17 pages and 7 figures. Accepted for publication in the Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS
B + B BARCELONA
Tématem projektu je stavba nového gymnázia v Barceloně, v místě, které je typické svými pravidelnými bloky navrženými architektem Cerdou. Stavbu jsem navrhla s respektem k tvaru parcely. Mým cílem bylo, nevytvořit jen vzdělávací budovu pro studenty, ale také kulturní a společenské centrum pro lidi z okolí. Urbanisticky je parcela koncipovaná jako město samo o sobě, které zve kolemjdoucí k návštěvě. Zůstalo příjemné měřítko pro život.The subjekt of the project is the building of a new secondary school in Barcelona, the place, which is typical with his regular piles designed by architekt Cerda. I projected the building with the respect of the shape of site. My tendency was to not only make a educational building for students, but also the cultural and social centre for local inhabitants. The site is conceived as a small city, which invites passers-by to a visit. The pleasant scale factor stayed on.
Quantum Potential and Quantum Gravity
The quantum potential approach makes it possible to construct a complementary
picture of quantum mechanical evolution which reminds classical equation of
motion. The only difference as compared to equations of motion for the
underlying classical system is the presence of an additional potential term
being a functional of the real part of the wavefunction. In the present paper
this approach is applied to the quantum theory of gravity based on Wheeler --
De Witt equation. We describe the derivation of the `quantum Einstein equation'
and discuss the new features of their solutions.Comment: 12 pages LaTeX, to appear in From Field Theory to Quantum Groups.
Birthday volume dedicated to Jerzy Lukierski, World Scientifi
Random Network Models and Quantum Phase Transitions in Two Dimensions
An overview of the random network model invented by Chalker and Coddington,
and its generalizations, is provided. After a short introduction into the
physics of the Integer Quantum Hall Effect, which historically has been the
motivation for introducing the network model, the percolation model for
electrons in spatial dimension 2 in a strong perpendicular magnetic field and a
spatially correlated random potential is described. Based on this, the network
model is established, using the concepts of percolating probability amplitude
and tunneling. Its localization properties and its behavior at the critical
point are discussed including a short survey on the statistics of energy levels
and wave function amplitudes. Magneto-transport is reviewed with emphasis on
some new results on conductance distributions. Generalizations are performed by
establishing equivalent Hamiltonians. In particular, the significance of
mappings to the Dirac model and the two dimensional Ising model are discussed.
A description of renormalization group treatments is given. The classification
of two dimensional random systems according to their symmetries is outlined.
This provides access to the complete set of quantum phase transitions like the
thermal Hall transition and the spin quantum Hall transition in two dimension.
The supersymmetric effective field theory for the critical properties of
network models is formulated. The network model is extended to higher
dimensions including remarks on the chiral metal phase at the surface of a
multi-layer quantum Hall system.Comment: 176 pages, final version, references correcte
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