In Memoriam. Claire Schneider (1975-2016)

Chargée des fonds sonores et audiovisuels à la médiathèque du musée du quai Branly, Claire Schneider a commencé son parcours dans l’univers de la musique par la pratique du violoncelle et par des études de musicologie à la Sorbonne, avant de suivre le cursus d’ethnomusicologie à l’université de Paris Ouest Nanterre-La Défense. Elle a mené des recherches au Burkina Faso auprès de musiciens et musiciennes lobi, qui lui ont permis de rédiger un excellent mémoire de Maîtrise (directrice : Doris B..

Linking subject labels in Cultural Heritage Metadata to MIMO vocabulary using CultuurLink

The Europeana Sounds 1 project aims to increase the amount of cultural audio content in Europeana. It also strongly focuses on enriching the metadata records that are aggregated by Europeana. To provide metadata to Europeana, Data Providers are asked to convert their records from the format and model they use internally to a specific profile of the Europeana Data Model 2 (EDM) for sound resources. These metadata include subjects, which typically use a vocabulary internal to each partner. The problem is that the values in subject fields come too often as simple literals (strings) that are specific to one (or a couple of) language(s) -the one(s) of the Data Provider. For Europeana to take full advantage of subjects from these vocabularies for purposes such as cross-lingual search, it is essential that they are connected with richer, multilingual data. A first solution to this problem is to semantically enrich metadata for individual cultural objects with links to concepts from a (multilingual) vocabulary (say, 'vocM'). Such new object-vocM links can be used to later provide more semantics and labels in multiple languages for search indexes or display functions. A second option is to perform alignment at the level of vocabularies, linking the elements of an original 1 http://www.europeanasounds.eu/

PLoS One

Quantifying the association between lifetime exposures and the risk of developing a chronic disease is a recurrent challenge in epidemiology. Individual exposure trajectories are often heterogeneous and studying their associations with the risk of disease is not straightforward. We propose to use a latent class mixed model (LCMM) to identify profiles (latent classes) of exposure trajectories and estimate their association with the risk of disease. The methodology is applied to study the association between lifetime trajectories of smoking or occupational exposure to asbestos and the risk of lung cancer in males of the ICARE population-based case-control study. Asbestos exposure was assessed using a job exposure matrix. The classes of exposure trajectories were identified using two separate LCMM for smoking and asbestos, and the association between the identified classes and the risk of lung cancer was estimated in a second stage using weighted logistic regression and all subjects. A total of 2026/2610 cases/controls had complete information on both smoking and asbestos exposure, including 1938/1837 cases/controls ever smokers, and 1417/1520 cases/controls ever exposed to asbestos. The LCMM identified four latent classes of smoking trajectories which had different risks of lung cancer, all much stronger than never smokers. The most frequent class had moderate constant intensity over lifetime while the three others had either long-term, distant or recent high intensity. The latter had the strongest risk of lung cancer. We identified five classes of asbestos exposure trajectories which all had higher risk of lung cancer compared to men never occupationally exposed to asbestos, whatever the dose and the timing of exposure. The proposed approach opens new perspectives for the analyses of dose-time-response relationships between protracted exposures and the risk of developing a chronic disease, by providing a complete picture of exposure history in terms of intensity, duration, and timing of exposure

Genome-wide Analyses Identify KIF5A as a Novel ALS Gene

To identify novel genes associated with ALS, we undertook two lines of investigation. We carried out a genome-wide association study comparing 20,806 ALS cases and 59,804 controls. Independently, we performed a rare variant burden analysis comparing 1,138 index familial ALS cases and 19,494 controls. Through both approaches, we identified kinesin family member 5A (KIF5A) as a novel gene associated with ALS. Interestingly, mutations predominantly in the N-terminal motor domain of KIF5A are causative for two neurodegenerative diseases: hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG10) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 (CMT2). In contrast, ALS-associated mutations are primarily located at the C-terminal cargo-binding tail domain and patients harboring loss-of-function mutations displayed an extended survival relative to typical ALS cases. Taken together, these results broaden the phenotype spectrum resulting from mutations in KIF5A and strengthen the role of cytoskeletal defects in the pathogenesis of ALS.Peer reviewe

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Mise en place d’un référentiel des titres de chansons françaises de transmission orale

Porté par Marlène BELLY (MCF Université de Poitiers) et la MSHS Poitiers (USR 3565), le projet a pour objectif l’élaboration d’un référentiel numérique des titres uniformes des chansons francophones de transmission orale, prenant appui sur les deux grandes classifications existantes : celle de Patrice Coirault (1875-1959) et celle de Conrad Laforte (1921-2008), toutes deux éditées en version papier.  Couvertures des 3 livrets composant le répertoire Coirault (crédit : Marlène Belly) Ce proj..

Un référentiel pour la description des expressions vocales

Le projet de référentiel pour la voix vise à établir un ensemble structuré de termes non exclusifs (c’est à dire qu’ils ne sont pas envisagés comme des catégories fermées) nécessaires à la description des expressions et techniques vocales, notamment pour l’indexation et l’interconnexion des données, sonores et autres, relevant de l’oralité.

Les « archives sonores » du CNRS et du musée de l’Homme

Déménagé en 2009, le centre de recherche en Ethnomusicologie, rattaché au laboratoire d’Ethnologie et de Sociologie comparative basé à l’université de Nanterre, conserve les archives historiques de l’ancien département du musée de l’Homme, fondé par André Schaeffner en 1929. Dix ans après le déménagement, l’autrice dresse ici un bilan. Évoquant les modalités de la constitution d’un fonds d’une grande diversité qui, autour des enregistrements des ethnomusicologues, témoigne des activités d’une discipline pourvoyeuse d’archives qu’elles soient scientifiques ou administratives. Elle décrit la composition de cet ensemble historique qui continue de s’enrichir et de s’actualiser, évoque les questions soulevées suite à la séparation du CNRS et du musée qui reste en partie propriétaire des archives et celles liées à la conservation des documents au sein d’une université dont ce n’est pas directement la vocation. Elle nous informe de l’état d’avancement du traitement de ces fonds sonores et documentaires tant rétroactif que courant (inventaire, catalogage, numérisation, mise en ligne) opéré grâce à de nombreux partenariats.The ‘‘Centre for Research in Ethnomusicology’’, attached to the Laboratory of Ethnology and Comparative Sociology (University of Paris Nanterre), which moved to the University of Paris Nanterre in 2009, preserves the historical archives of the former department of the Museum of Man (musée de l’Homme, Paris), founded by André Schaeffner in 1929. Ten years after the relocation, the author reviews the present state of the operations and and discusses the modalities of the constitution of this particularly rich and varied collection of documents, with its recordings reflecting the activities of a discipline based on the constitution of archives, whether scientific or administrative. The author also describes the growth of this historical collection which continues to develop, evokes the questions raised following the separation of the CNRS and the museum which remains part-owner of the archives and the questions linked to their conservation by a university which does not have the same vocation. Finaly, the paper informs us about the progress in processing these historical archives, both retroactively and at the present time (inventory, cataloguing, digitization, on-line publishing) carried out thanks to numerous partnerships

Fonds sonore de Véronique Arnaud : Traditions, littératures orales et pratiques musicales chez les Yami (Taïwan, 1971-2009)

Véronique Arnaud est anthropologue et ethnolinguiste, chercheure honoraire au CASE (Centre Asie du Sud-Est, UMR 8170) a recueilli près de 500 heures d’enregistrements sonores (sur bandes magnétiques et cassettes) lors d’un terrain prolongé chez les Yami (actuels Tao) de Botel Tobago, Lanyu (Taïwan) débuté en 1971. La collaboration avec les Tao, population austronésienne apparentée à celles de l’Archipel Batan des Philippines, a pris la forme de nombreux séjours entre 1971 et 2009, tout en sui..