Obstetrics and Gynaecology as a Future Career for Medical Graduates in Oman: Factors that attract and discourage graduates

Objectives: Obstetrics and gynaecology (OBGYN) is a major speciality in the medical field that is often demanding yet rewarding; however, OBGYN receives the least number of applicants in Oman. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence graduates in choosing OBGYN as their speciality. Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted from February to March 2017 at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Royal Hospital, Khoula Hospital and Al Nahdha Hospital, Muscat, Oman. The questionnaire was distributed to 150 Omani medical graduates (interns and post-intern doctors). Results: A total of 145 Omani graduates took part in the study (response rate: 96.7%) and the participants’ average age was 26 years. Family medicine ranked as the first choice followed by paediatrics and emergency medicine. OBGYN was the first choice for eight female graduates. The top factors attracting male graduates to the OBGYN speciality were its surgical opportunities (80.6%), intellectual content (77.4%), faculty interactions and the opportunity to care for a healthy population (54.8% each); however, the top factors attracting females were the intellectual content (88.6%), patients’ desire for female physicians (85.1%), the opportunity to care for a healthy population (76.3%) and cultural expectations (69.5%). The most discouraging factors for male graduates were cultural expectations (100%), the patients’ desire for a female physician (93.5%) and the level of stress (71%), while the discouraging factors for female graduates were the level of stress (82.5%), time demands (78.1%), night duties and the length of the residency (71.9% each). Conclusion: Most of the factors that discourage female graduates from choosing OBGYN are to some extent modifiable. These changes should be considered to encourage the selection of OBGYN as a career by medical students.Keywords: Career Choice; Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital; Internship and Residency; Medical Student; Oman

Reasons and Effects of Diversity of Education System in Pakistan at Elementary Level

Abstract Now a days Pakistan has several types of pedagogic systems. The origin of this matter can be pursued in copious factors; from foreign interferences to political flux. Education, which functions as the spinal cord for a nation’s survival, has underwent in Pakistan at the hands of political and socio-economic organizations. The fact that the multiple systems of education are sucking the blood out of this undeveloped nation is discouraging. It serves as a blow for the country to achieve collective objectives. Currently, this problem can be said to be stimulating other issues that are evolving in our society. This diversity is leading the nation into a nasty cycle of social discrepancy and political craving. However, today it has become essential to ensure uniformity in educational sector. The government needs to devise plans to deal with this state of educational emergency and take rational actions to reduce the invalid existing among these educational systems

Association Of Maternal Age And Hemoglobin Level With Apgar Score Of Newborns In A Tertiary Care Hospital Of Suburbs Of Islamabad

Objectives: To determine the association of Apgar score with maternal age and hemoglobin. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on mothers (n=306) delivering live, full-term, singleton babies by spontaneous vertex delivery. Women who suffered stillbirths had babies of unknown gestational age or showed co-morbidities were excluded. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. Mean + standard deviation, and percentages were calculated. Cross-tabulation and logistic regression were done to see the association between dependent and independent variables. A p-value of <0.05 was statistically significant. Results The ages of women ranged from 20 to 40 years (mean= 25+1.9).  The number of patients aged 24 years with Hb <7g/dl was 6 (37.5%). Out of all, 90 (29.4%) patients had Hb >11g/dl, and their ages were 30 years which was significant (p = 0.000). Apgar score for the neonates showed that 258 (84.3%) had an Apgar score >7 while 48 (15.7%) had a score < 7. Babies of mothers whose age was 26 years had Apgar score < 7(25%) (p = 0.001). Neonatal birth weight, of <2kg was observed in infants born to young mothers of 26 years of age (20%) (p = 0.001), and a weight >3.5kg was recorded in 20 infants (6.5%). The younger mothers had lower Hb, and their babies had low Apgar scores <7 at the time of birth (p = 0.001). Conclusion Women of younger age and lower hemoglobin levels give birth to infants with low Apgar scores and birth weight. Low birth weight in neonates is significantly associated with a low five-minute Apgar score

Disease Diagnosis Using Android

Disease diagnosis / Medical diagnoses is the process of determining which disease or condition\ud explains a person’s symptoms and signs. It is most often referred to as diagnosis with\ud the medical context being implicit. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected\ud from a case history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. Diagnosis\ud is often challenging, because many signs and symptoms are non-specific.The term\ud Diagnosis refers to determination of the nature of a cause of a disease.In computer science\ud it is a typically used to determine the cause of symptoms and solutions.Our system enables\ud to deliver health care, diagnose patients,provide therapy,suggest medicines and gives health\ud tips related to users disease.The main aim is to provide expert-based health care to understaffed\ud remote sites and to provide advanced emergency to the user that is using the application

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements