Plasma fibrinogen and risk of vascular recurrence after ischaemic stroke:An individual participant and summary-level data meta-analysis of 11 prospective studies

INTRODUCTION: Inflammation is an emerging target for secondary prevention after stroke and randomised trials of anti-inflammatory therapies are ongoing. Fibrinogen, a putative pro-inflammatory marker, is associated with first stroke, but its association with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after stroke is unclear.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We did a systematic review investigating the association between fibrinogen and post-stroke vascular recurrence. Authors were invited to provide individual-participant data (IPD) and where available we did within-study multivariable analyses with adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and medications. Adjusted summary-level data was extracted from published reports from studies that did not provide IPD. We pooled risk ratios (RR) by random-effects meta-analysis by comparing supra-median with sub-median fibrinogen levels and performed pre-specified subgroup analysis according to timing of phlebotomy after the index event.RESULTS: Eleven studies were included (14,002 patients, 42,800 follow-up years), of which seven provided IPD. Fibrinogen was associated with recurrent MACE on unadjusted (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.17-1.57, supra-median vs sub-median) and adjusted models (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.06-1.38). Fibrinogen was associated with recurrent stroke on univariate analysis (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03-1.39), but not after adjustment (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.94-1.31). The association with recurrent MACE was consistently observed in patients with post-acute (⩾14 days) fibrinogen measures (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.16-1.45), but not in those with early phlebotomy (&lt;14 days) (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.82-1.18) ( P interaction  = 0.01). Similar associations were observed for recurrent stroke. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Fibrinogen was independently associated with recurrence after stroke, but the association was modified by timing of phlebotomy. Fibrinogen measurements might be useful to identify patients who are more likely to derive benefit from anti-inflammatory therapies after stroke.</p

A high-density linkage map of the RN region in pigs

The porcine RN locus affects muscle glycogen content and meat quality. We previously mapped the RN locus to chromosome 15. This study describes the identification of polymorphisms for four class I and four class II markers located in the RN region. Resource families were genotyped with F-SSCP markers (fluorescent single strand conformation polymorphism) and microsatellite markers. Subsequent multipoint linkage analysis revealed the order FN1-IGFBP5-S1000-S1001-IL8RB-VIL1-RN-Sw936-Sw906. The gene order is identical to the previously reported porcine RH map of the same region. The described map will facilitate positional cloning of the RN gene

Características clínicas, histopatológicas y terapéuticas del cáncer de tiroides en Colombia: serie de 1.096 pacientes

Introducción: Los registros poblacionales de cáncer son una aproximación útil para determinar la magnitud del problema, pero son insuficientes como fuente de variables de interés para los clínicos y como generadores de hipótesis de investigación. Con el objetivo de identificar las características clínicas de los pacientes con cáncer de tiroides, el enfoque terapéutico inicial y los costos asociados con el manejo de la enfermedad, se implementó un registro específico en 10 ciudades de Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, observacional entre los años 2013 y 2015. Se desarrolló una herramienta web (www.colombiatiroides.com) consistente en 55 variables con características demográficas, histopatológicas, paraclínicas y terapéuticas, para registrar la información de los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de tiroides que asistieron a consulta de endocrinología, medicina nuclear, cirugía de cabeza y cuello o cirugía endocrina. Resultados: Se incluyó información de 1.096 pacientes con cáncer de tiroides. El promedio de edad fue de 45,5 años; 86,3% eran mujeres; 93,6% de los casos correspondieron a carcinoma papilar. Se documentó asociación entre el tamaño tumoral y el compromiso capsular, extracapsular, linfovascular y ganglionar central y lateral (p=0,000). Los pacientes menores de 45 años presentaron mayor invasión ganglionar central (p=0,000) y lateral (p=0,003), mientras que en los mayores de 45 años los tumores multicéntricos (p=0,032) y la infiltración extracapsular (p=0,036) fueron más frecuentes. El costo directo aproximado por paciente/año fue de $2’532.687 (982 USD). Conclusiones: Los resultados de este registro muestran que el carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides de tipo papilar corresponde al 93,6% dentro de todos los tipos de cáncer de tiroides, proporción que es mayor a la de otras series reportadas en la literatura. El 89% de los pacientes con carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides fueron clasificados como de riesgo alto e intermedio de recurrencia, luego de la terapia inicial del cáncer de tiroides. En pacientes menores de 45 años, la enfermedad tiende a invadir por vía linfática, pero en los mayores de 45 años las extensiones locales son más frecuentes. Finalmente, el costo aproximado de la enfermedad es de USD 982 paciente/año.

Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries : a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030. We provide an analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods We applied statistical methods to systematically compiled data to estimate the performance of 33 health-related SDG indicators for 188 countries from 1990 to 2015. We rescaled each indicator on a scale from 0 (worst observed value between 1990 and 2015) to 100 (best observed). Indices representing all 33 health-related SDG indicators (health-related SDG index), health-related SDG indicators included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG index), and health-related indicators not included in the MDGs (non-MDG index) were computed as the geometric mean of the rescaled indicators by SDG target. We used spline regressions to examine the relations between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI, a summary measure based on average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate) and each of the health-related SDG indicators and indices. Findings In 2015, the median health-related SDG index was 59.3 (95% uncertainty interval 56.8-61.8) and varied widely by country, ranging from 85.5 (84.2-86.5) in Iceland to 20.4 (15.4-24.9) in Central African Republic. SDI was a good predictor of the health-related SDG index (r(2) = 0.88) and the MDG index (r(2) = 0.2), whereas the non-MDG index had a weaker relation with SDI (r(2) = 0.79). Between 2000 and 2015, the health-related SDG index improved by a median of 7.9 (IQR 5.0-10.4), and gains on the MDG index (a median change of 10.0 [6.7-13.1]) exceeded that of the non-MDG index (a median change of 5.5 [2.1-8.9]). Since 2000, pronounced progress occurred for indicators such as met need with modern contraception, under-5 mortality, and neonatal mortality, as well as the indicator for universal health coverage tracer interventions. Moderate improvements were found for indicators such as HIV and tuberculosis incidence, minimal changes for hepatitis B incidence took place, and childhood overweight considerably worsened. Interpretation GBD provides an independent, comparable avenue for monitoring progress towards the health-related SDGs. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of income, education, and fertility as drivers of health improvement but also emphasises that investments in these areas alone will not be sufficient. Although considerable progress on the health-related MDG indicators has been made, these gains will need to be sustained and, in many cases, accelerated to achieve the ambitious SDG targets. The minimal improvement in or worsening of health-related indicators beyond the MDGs highlight the need for additional resources to effectively address the expanded scope of the health-related SDGs.Peer reviewe

Les problèmes algériens du Second Empire vus par les historiens français

Rey-Goldzeiger Annie. Les problèmes algériens du Second Empire vus par les historiens français. In: Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, tome 21 N°1, Janvier-mars 1974. L'historiographie du Second Empire. pp. 111-126

L’Occupation germano-italienne de la Tunisie : un tournant dans la vie politique tunisienne

Le rejet de l’histoire événementielle n’a pas tué l’événement ; il prend sa revanche et s’impose à l’historien comme le révélateur brutal de faits indécelables qui couvent sous la cendre épaisse des erreurs, des échecs, des tentatives avortées, prématurées ou vaines. Depuis la répression de 1938, la Tunisie vit dans une léthargie trompeuse. Pendant quelques mois – de novembre 1942 à mai 1943 – le pays, transformé en champ de bataille, vit une expérience accélérée qui modifie radicalement l’év..

Synthèse des débats

S’interroger sur les pratiques comparatives ou comparatistes amène quelques remarques, précisions et prolongements. De la difficulté de comparer des situations différentes sous des appellations apparemment communes Ainsi, tout comme Marianne Woollven a mentionné les divergences de prise en compte de la notion de dyslexie, en France et en Angleterre, un IA-IPR a pu constater, lors d’un voyage d’études effectué en 1989 dans le cadre d’un programme « Arion », en Écosse, un décalage entre le titr..