Evaluación de impacto del comercio electrónico en las ventas de las pymes en colombia: un análisis econométrico

Electronic commerce (EC) has become a primary axis in different societies. Technology has become a fundamental part of the business environment, and the way organizations in the world are developed and connected. There is a growing number of companies that are generating alternative systems to increase their sales using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Hence, this study aims to determine the influence of e-commerce on the sales of Colombian Small and Medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This paper starts by testing a panel of 2.177 companies, where the industry, commerce, and service sectors are analyzed between 2012 and 2016. It is intended to know the causal effect of online trading compared to the total sales made by companies, as well as its impact on the sales developed by each of them. Through an econometric analysis, applying the Differences in Differences impact measurement model, it was found that the adoption of Electronic Commerce in medium-sized companies has a greater impact than in small companies, and that the activity that most influences e-commerce is in the service sector.El comercio electrónico (CE) se ha convertido en un eje primordial en las diferentes sociedades. La tecnología se ha constituido como parte fundamental en el entorno empresarial y en la forma como se desarrollan y conectan las diferentes organizaciones en el mundo. Hay un número creciente de compañías que generan sistemas alternativos para incrementar sus ventas utilizando las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC). De aquí que el presente estudio pretenda determinar la influencia del e-commerce en las ventas de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes) colombianas. Este documento comienza analizando un panel de 2 177 empresas, donde se analizan los sectores de industria, comercio y servicios entre los años 2012 a 2016. Se pretende conocer el efecto causal que tiene el comercio en línea frente a las ventas totales realizadas por las compañías, así como su impacto en las ventas desarrolladas por cada una de ellas. Mediante un análisis econométrico, aplicando el modelo de medición de impacto denominado “Diferencias en Diferencias”, se encontró que la adopción del comercio electrónico en las empresas medianas tiene mayor impacto que en las empresas pequeñas y que la actividad en el que más influye el comercio electrónico es en el sector servicios

Relación de la innovación y las ventas por medio del comercio electrónico en el sector industrial

Objetivo: Explorar la relación entre las variables de inversión relacionadas con la innovación y las ventas generadas a través del comercio electrónico en las empresas del sector industrial. Se buscó determinar si estas inversiones en innovación tienen un impacto directo en el rendimiento de las ventas de las empresas industriales en el ámbito del comercio electrónico. Método: Se tomó una muestra inicial de 1.988 organizaciones del sector industrial partiendo de la información proporcionada por las Encuestas de Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (EDIT-2018) y el Módulo TIC-2018 de la Encuesta Anual Manufacturera proporcionada por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Se analizó la inversión en Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D), la tecnología de la información, la mercadotecnia y la transferencia tecnológica y su relación con las ventas desarrolladas por medio del comercio electrónico en estas compañías. Resultados: No se puede establecer una relación lineal significativa entre las inversiones en innovación y el volumen de ventas realizadas a través del comercio electrónico en el sector industrial colombiano. Este hallazgo indica que las inversiones en innovación en áreas como la investigación y desarrollo y la tecnología de la información no tienen un impacto directo e inmediato en el aumento de las ventas en línea, lo que genera una discusión acerca de los elementos adicionales que pueden afectar la eficacia de las inversiones en innovación y la evolución del comercio electrónico en la industria colombiana, esto a su vez podría generar nuevas perspectivas y estrategias comerciales para comprender mejor esta conexión compleja. Conclusiones: A pesar de los esfuerzos significativos en innovación realizados en el sector manufacturero colombiano, las empresas deben reconsiderar las estrategias implementadas para lograr resultados comerciales más favorables. En investigaciones futuras, se deberían analizar factores culturales, el grado de madurez del mercado y las condiciones regulatorias que puedan estar influyendo en la relación entre la innovación y el comercio electrónico

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia

Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state