Synthesis of New Derivative of pyrazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline Bearing imidazolidine-2,4-dione as a Potential Anticancer Agent

Introduction: Among heterocyclic anticancer compounds, quinoxalines and imidazolidine-2,4-dione are the most prominent since they constitute important classes of natural products and synthetic pharmaceuticals. In general, they are used as valuable intermediates and building blocks in pharmaceutical synthesis. Therefore, much attention has been paid to the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives bearing imidazolidine-2,4-dione either by classic methods or by multicomponent reactions.  Methods and Results: The title compound was prepared through a three- step procedure. In the first step, equimolar amounts of D-glucose and o-phenylenediamine were reacted with phenyl hydrazine in the presence of acetic acid, to form the pyrazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline  derivative. The second step involved oxidation of the resulted compound by use of sodium metaperioddate. Finally, the related aldehyde was condensed by imidazolidine-2,4-dione to yield the corresponding 3-alkylidene pyrazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline . Conclusions: The procedure applied in this study established a convenient method for the preparation of the title compounds. The process was straight forward and it used abundant and readily available staring materials. Due to its chemical structure, and in particular the presence of the quinioxaline ring, which is a commonly encountered motif in compounds of medicinal interest, the prepared product is expected to show anticancer activity

Transgenerational influence of parental morphine exposure on pain perception, anxiety-like behavior and passive avoidance memory among male and female offspring of Wistar rats

Accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the formation and maintenance of memory within the brain. Moreover, the effect of parental drug-exposure before gestation on behavioral state of offspring has been little studied. The main objective of the current study is to evaluate the effect of parental morphine exposure on avoidance memory, morphine preference and anxiety-like behavior of offspring. The total of 32 males and 32 females were used for mating. The animals were treated with morphine. The offspring according to their parental morphine treatment was divided into four groups (n=16) including paternally treated, maternally treated, both of parents treated and naïve animals. The pain perception, anxiety-like behavior, and avoidance memory were evaluated in the offspring. In the current study, the total of 256 offspring was used for the experiments (4 tasks × 4 groups of offspring × 8 female offspring × 8 male offspring). The finding revealed that the avoidance memory and visceral pain were reduced significantly in male and female offspring with at least one morphine-treated parent. Moreover, anxiety-like behavior was reduced significantly in the male offspring with at least one morphine-treated parent. While anxiety-like behavior was increased significantly in female offspring that were treated by morphine either maternally or both of parents. The data revealed that the endogenous opioid system may be altered in the offspring of morphine-treated parent(s), and epigenetic role could be important. However, analysis of variance signified the important role of maternal inheritance

Profil Pelaku dan Korban Bullying di Sekolah Dasar

Perilaku bullying di sekolah semakin meresahkan, bukan saja di kalangan siswa remaja namun juga di sekolah dasar. Dari waktu ke waktu data mengenai bullying di sekolah semakin meningkat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami profil pelaku dan korban bullying di sekolah dasar. Data dikumpulkan dengan Skala Bullying dan kuesioner Status Ekonomi Sosial. Uji validitas terhadap skala bullying diperoleh validitas aitem antara 0,200 – 0,531, dengan reliabilitas sebesar 0,531. Subjek penelitian sejumlah 212 siswa kelas 4 dan 5 SD di kecamatan Laweyan Surakarta. Siswa laki-laki berjumlah 110 dan siswa perempuan berjumlah 102. Data dianalisis secara kuantitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Prevalensi bullying pada siswa SD adalah: 47% terlibat dalam bullying, 48% rentan untuk terlibat dalam bullying, dan hanya 5% subjek yang tidak pernah terlibat sama sekali dalam perilaku bullying. (2) Profile pelaku bullying: Pelaku lebih banyak laki-laki daripada perempuan. Mayoritas berasal dari keluarga SES rendah, dengan pendidikan orangtua mayoritas pendidikan dasar dan pekerjaan mayoritas sebagai buruh. Jenis kegiatan di waktu luang adalah olahraga dan permainan elektronik. Permainan elektronik lebih sering dimainkan di warnet dengan jenis pertempuran, dengan durasi bermain game mayoritas 1-3 jam per hari. (3) Profile korban bullying: Korban bullying lebih banyak berjenis kelamin perempuan daripada laki-laki. Berasal dari keluarga dengan SES yang bervariasi, dengan tingkat pendidikan orangtua mayoritas SMA dan pekerjaan mayoritas wiraswasta dan karyawan. Jenis kegiatan yang biasa dilakukan di waktu luang adalah permainan tradisional dan elektronik. Jenis permainan elektronik yang paling sering dilakukan adalah pertempuran, dengan durasi waktu bermain mayoritas kurang dari 1 jam dan antara 1-3 jam, dan tempat bermain seimbang antara di warnet dan di rumah

Tramadol Treatment Induces Change in Phospho-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein and Delta and Mu Opioid Receptors within Hippocampus and Amygdala Areas of Rat Brain

Background: Tramadol induces its unique effects through opioid pathways, but the exact mechanism is not known. The study aims to evaluate changes in the level of mu-opioid receptor (μOR), delta-opioid receptor (δOR), and phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (p-CREB) in the hippocampus (HPC) and amygdala (AL) areas of tramadol-treated rats.Methods: For this purpose, a total of 36 male rats were divided into two main groups for chronic or acute tramadol exposure. The animals were then exposed to 5 mg.kg-1 of tramadol, 10 mg.kg-1 of tramadol, and normal saline. The HPC and AL areas of the animals were dissected upon completion of the period. The levels of p-CREB and μOR were quantified using the western blotting technique. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. The differences with the P-value lower than 0.05 were considered as significant.Findings: In the HPC and AL areas of the brain, the level of μOR was decreased by acute tramadol exposure, while no significant difference was observed by chronic tramadol exposure. Moreover, results showed that the level of p-CREB dose-dependently increased by acute and chronic tramadol exposure.Conclusion: HPC and AL are essential in the control of tramadol abuse. Tramadol abuse affects gene expression and transcription factors such as CREB. With acute drug tramadol treatments, the level of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) rapidly increases, while by chronic tramadol treatment, “peak and trough pattern is observing”. The activation of the rewarding mechanism is a precise instance of addictive behavior in tramadol-treated individuals

Continuous exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases: Prevalence, burden, and economic costs

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by De Gruyter in Reviews on Environmental Health on 22/04/2020, available online: https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0106 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.Studies that assess the connection between the prevalence of chronic diseases and continuous exposure to air pollution are scarce in developing countries, mainly due to data limitations. Largely overcoming data limitations, this study aimed to investigate the association between the likelihood of reporting a set of chronic diseases (diabetes, cancer, stroke and myocardial infarction, asthma, and hypertension) and continuous exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and coarse particulate matter (PM10). Using the estimated associations, the disease burden and economic costs of continuous exposure to air pollutants were also approximated. A 2011 Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool survey from Tehran, Iran, was used in the main analyses. A sample of 67,049 individuals who had not changed their place of residence for at least 2 years before the survey and reported all relevant socioeconomic information was selected. The individuals were assigned with the average monthly air pollutant levels of the nearest of 16 air quality monitors during the 2 years leading to the survey. Both single- and multi-pollutant analyses were conducted. The country’s annual household surveys from 2002 to 2011 were used to calculate the associated economic losses. The single-pollutant analysis showed that a one-unit increase in monthly CO (ppm), NO2 (ppb), O3 (ppb), and PM10 (μg/m3) during the 2 years was associated with 751 [confidence interval (CI): 512–990], 18 (CI: 12–24), 46 (CI: −27–120), and 24 (CI: 13–35) more reported chronic diseases in 100,000, respectively. The disease-specific analyses showed that a unit change in average monthly CO was associated with 329, 321, 232, and 129 more reported cases of diabetes, hypertension, stroke and myocardial infarction, and asthma in 100,000, respectively. The measured associations were greater in samples with older individuals. Also, a unit change in average monthly O3 was associated with 21 (in 100,000) more reported cases of asthma. The multi-pollutant analyses confirmed the results from single-pollutant analyses. The supplementary analyses showed that a one-unit decrease in monthly CO level could have been associated with about 208 (CI: 147–275) years of life gained or 15.195 (CI: 10.296–20.094) thousand US dollars (USD) in life-time labor market income gained per 100,000 30-plus-year-old Tehranis

Correlation among the Behavioral Features in the Offspring of Morphine-Abstinent Rats

Background: Critical analysis of new evidence in medical sciences relies on statistics in terms of correlation.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation coefficients among the behavioral features in theoffspring of morphine-abstinent parent(s).Methods: The offspring of various types of parental morphine-exposure were divided into 4 groups includingoffspring of healthy parents (CTL), offspring of paternal morphine-abstinence (PMA), offspring of maternalmorphine-abstinence (MMA), and offspring of both morphine-abstinence (BMA). Pain perception,depression-like behavior, and avoidance memory in the offspring were quantified. The logical structure ofassociation was measured using the Pearson correlation analysis.Findings: A strong correlation was observed between pain and depressive-like behavior in female and maleoffspring of healthy parents. Moreover, in the male and female offspring of healthy parents and BMA, nosignificant correlation was observed between avoidance memory and pain behavior or depressive-likebehavior. However, in the offspring of MMA, a strong correlation was observed between avoidance memoryand depressive-like behavior.Conclusion: The results of the study signified the importance of correlation analysis in addictive behavior. Theresults revealed that the pattern of correlation of the behavior of the offspring of MMA and PMA differe

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

The relationship between spirituality and identity of objective (case study: Ilam gas refining company employees)

Spirituality has universal inclusiveness, though there are specific content from a variety of spiritual beliefs but all cultures, concept of force is the ultimate, transcendent, Holy and divine in themselves, identify the person, the nature of its existence is an individual’s identity. This research aimed to test a model of the relationship between spirituality and identity of was objective. The research method is descriptive, correlational structural equations. Sample of this study includes 164 employees of ILAM gas refining company which uses a stratified sampling method were selected from among the official staff. Data collection tools include: to analyze the data descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling was used. The results of the structural model fit showed that spirituality variable successful relationship with identity of significance and with other aspects of visual identity of (identity of confusion, intrusive identity and identity of crisis) and a significant inverse relationship. According to the results obtained from this study it can be said with the increase in people’s spirituality visual identity of (after successful identity of) increases. © Medwell Journals, 2016