Dari Mata Uang Kolonial ke Mata Oeang Republik Indonesia

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejarah mata uang di Indonesia, terutama mata uang pada masa akhir kekuasaan kolonial hingga awal kemerdekaan Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari lima tahapan, yakni pemilihan topik, pengumpulan sumber, verifikasi (kritik sejarah, keabsahan sumber, dan relevansi sumber), interpretasi (analisa dan sintesis), serta penulisan sejarah (historiografi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Nusantara sudah mengenal mata uang sejak abad 9 Masehi, yang berasal dari Kerajaan Jenggala. Pada awal kemerdekaan, Indonesia mengadopsi tiga jenis mata uang sebagai alat tukar sementara. Oeang Republik Indonesia (ORI) secara resmi diedarkan pada 30 Oktober 1946. Sejak pertama diedarkan hingga tahun 1949, ORI telah dicetak dalam lima kali emisi. Kata Kunci: mata uang, ORI, kolonial, kemerdekaanAbstractThe purpose of this study is to find out the history of currency in Indonesia, especially currency from the end of colonial rule to the beginning of Indonesian independence. This study uses a historical research method consisting of five stages, namely topic selection, source collection, verification (historical criticism, source validity, and source relevance), interpretation (analysis and synthesis), and historical writing (historiography). The results show that the people of the archipelago have known currency since the 9th century AD, which came from the Jenggala Kingdom. At the beginning of independence, Indonesia adopted three types of currency as a temporary medium of exchange. Oeang Republik Indonesia (ORI) was officially circulated on October 30, 1946. Since it was first circulated until 1949, ORI has been printed in five editions.Keywords: currency, ORI, colonial, independenc

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN PETA PADA MATA PELAJARAN SEJARAH PEMINATAN MATERI KEHIDUPAN MANUSIA PRAAKSARA INDONESIA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS X IPS 4 SMA NEGERI 5 TASIKMALAYA SEMESTER GENAP TAHUN PELAJARAN 2017/2018

Permasalahan penelitian yang ditemukan ialah rendahnya hasil belajar siswa di kelas X IPS 4 SMA Negeri 5 Tasikmalya. Masalah yang lain adalah penggunaan media pembelajaran yang kurang maksimal oleh guru sehingga mendorong peneliti untuk melakukan penelitian pada permasalahan tersebut dengan memanfaatkan media pembelajaran peta dalam proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan media peta pada mata pelajaran sejarah peminatan materi kehidupan manusia praaksara Indonesia terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas X IPS 4 SMA Negeri 5 Tasikmalaya Semester Genap Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kuantitatif pendekatan eksperimen jenis quasi experiment, desain yang digunakan nonequivalent control group design. Populasinya ialah siswa-siswi kelas X IPS 1-XI IPS 6 yang berjumlah 201 orang dari populasi tersebut diambil sampel yaitu kelas X IPS 4 sebanyak 34 Orang yang terdiri dari; 16 Laki-laki dan 18 Perempuan. Teknik Pengumpulan data menggunakan tes yaitu pretest dan posttest untuk mengetahui hasil belajar siswa dan angket untuk mengetahui sikap siswa terhadap media pembelajaran peta. Hasil penelitian dalam uji Independent-Samples T Test diperoleh hasil t-hitung kelas eksperimen-kontrol menunjukkan ada peningkatan, bahwa nilai t-hitung sebesar 3.706. Dari data tersebut terlihat nilai t-hitung 3.706 t-tabel 1.997, nilai probabilitas atau Sig (2-tailed) 0,000 0,05 sehingga H1 diterima dan H0 ditolak dengan hasil rata-rata hasil belajar 40,47 sebelum dan 82,15 setelah menggunakan media pembelajaran peta, dapat disimpulkan terdapat pengaruh penggunaan media pembelajaran peta pada mata pelajaran sejarah peminatan materi kehidupan manusia praaksara Indonesia terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas X IPS 4 SMA Negeri 5 Tasikmalaya Semester Genap Tahun Pelajaran 2017/201

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE COMPLEX INSTRUCTION TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN SEJARAH INDONESIA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe complex instruction pada mata pelajaran sejarah Indonesia pokok bahasan respons bangsa Indonesia terhadap pendudukan Jepang terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas XI MIPA 4 di SMA Negeri 5 Tasikmalaya tahun ajaran 2019/ 2020. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Quasi Eksperimen dengan bentuk desain yang digunakan yaitu Nonequivalent Experimental Group Design. Populasi pada penelitian ini yaitu seluruh kelas XI MIPA SMA Negeri 5 Tasikmalaya yang terbagi menjadi 7 kelas. Sampel pada penelitian ini yaitu XI MIPA 4 sebagai kelas eksperimen dengan jumlah 36 siswa dan  XI MIPA 2 sebagai kelas kontrol dengan jumlah 35 siswa, sampel diambil dengan teknik sampling purposif. Instrumen penelitian berupa soal pilihan ganda sebanyak 19 butir dengan 5 pilihan jawaban. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu tes dan observasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan SPSS 25.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe complex instruction berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan rata-rata hasil belajar siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe complex instruction sebesar 84,4 sedangkan kelas yang tidak menggunakan model tersebut sebesar 79,8. Hasil pengolahan data menggunakan Mann Whitney pada hasil posttest kelas eksperimen dan kontrol menunjukkan bahwa Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) yaitu 0,001 0,05, sehingga Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe complex instruction pada mata pelajaran sejarah Indonesia pokok bahasan respons bangsa Indonesia terhadap pendudukan Jepang terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas XI MIPA 4 SMA Negeri 5 Tasikmalaya tahun ajaran 2019/ 2020

Konsep Hidden Curriculum Dalam Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan Pada Jenjang Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan konsep hidden curriculum pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi analitis konten deskriptif. Metode ini merupakan suatu metode penelitian untuk menganalisis isi sebuah teks dengan mengumpulkan dan menganalisis konten dari sebuah teks. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa konsep kurikulum tersembuyi pada proses pembelajaran di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan di laksanakan dengan konsep keteladanan guru kepada peserta didik. Keteladanan dalam hal ini merupakan sebuah konsep dimana guru memberikan contoh kepada siswa secara tersembuyi, artinya nilai-nilai yang di sampaikan tidak tertulis secara langsung dalam kurikulum pembelajaran. Indikator keteladanan yang di realisasikan dalam rangka pelaksanaan konsep hidden curriculum yaitu nilai-nilai 1) Kejujuran 2) Kerja Keras 3) Religius 4) Toleransi 5) Disiplin 6) kreatif 7) Mandir

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05-1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4-7 days or &gt;= 8 days of 1.25 (1.04-1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11-1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care

Exploring the cost-effectiveness of high versus low perioperative fraction of inspired oxygen in the prevention of surgical site infections among abdominal surgery patients in three low- and middle-income countries

Background: This study assessed the potential cost-effectiveness of high (80–100%) vs low (21–35%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) at preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) after abdominal surgery in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Methods: Decision-analytic models were constructed using best available evidence sourced from unbundled data of an ongoing pilot trial assessing the effectiveness of high FiO2, published literature, and a cost survey in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Effectiveness was measured as percentage of SSIs at 30 days after surgery, a healthcare perspective was adopted, and costs were reported in US dollars ($). Results: High FiO2 may be cost-effective (cheaper and effective). In Nigeria, the average cost for high FiO2 was$216 compared with $222 for low FiO2 leading to a −$6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −$13 to −$1) difference in costs. In India, the average cost for high FiO2 was $184 compared with$195 for low FiO2 leading to a −$11 (95$15 to −$6) difference in costs. In South Africa, the average cost for high FiO2 was$1164 compared with $1257 for low FiO2 leading to a −$93 (95% CI: −$132 to −$65) difference in costs. The high FiO2 arm had few SSIs, 7.33% compared with 8.38% for low FiO2, leading to a −1.05 (95% CI: −1.14 to −0.90) percentage point reduction in SSIs. Conclusion: High FiO2 could be cost-effective at preventing SSIs in the three countries but further data from large clinical trials are required to confirm this