ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN ILMU AL-BAYAN DALAM DIALOG AL-QURAN

Ilmu al-Bayan merupakan suatu usul dan kaedah bagi menyampaikan suatu makna menerusi pelbagai bentuk susunan bahasa supaya makna yang dikehendaki menjadi lebih jelas. Sastera Arab klasik sebelum penurunan al-Qur’an banyak mengekspresikan maksud dalam bentuk tashbih, majaz dan isti’arah yang merupakan gaya bahasa dalam ilmu al-Bayan. Kajian ini mengemukakan analisis penggunaan Ilmu al-Bayan dalam ayat-ayat dialog al-Qur’an. Dapatan menunjukkan ayatayat dialog didominasi oleh penggunaan empat gaya bahasa ilmu tersebut iaitu Kiasan (al-Kinayah), al-Majaz, al-Isti‘arah dan al-Tanasub al-Bayani.   Al-Bayan is the branch of Quranic science that becomes a root and methodology for conveying a meaning through various forms of language structure so that the desired meaning becomes clearer. Mainly, classical Arabic literature before the revelation of the Qur'an express meaning in the form tashbih, Majaz and isti'arah which is in the style of al-Bayan. This study presents an analysis of the use of al-Bayan in the verses of the Qur'anic dialog. The findings indicate passages of dialogue is dominated by the use of four of the stylistic knowledge of metaphor (al-Kinayah), al-Majaz, al-isti'arah and al-Tanasub alBayani

AL-KHABAR LANGUAGE ALPHABET IN TWO WAYS DIALOGUE IN AL-QUR’AN)(LARAS BAHASA AL-KHABAR DALAM AYAT-AYAT DIALOG DUA HALA AL-QUR’AN)

This study is about  the al-Khabar language alphabet that contained in the verses of the two-way dialogue in the Qur'an. The dialogue paragraph applies question-answer between two parties. Al-Khabar is a speech that has the probability of authenticity or falsity. The purpose of this study is to explore the method of delivery of al-khabar by the al-qur'an dialogue process and analyze its functionality. The analysis is carried out using a qualitative approach by making the theory of al-Hashimi, al-Samarra'i and al-Jurjani as the basic framework of analysis. The findings show that not all bilateral dialogues in the Qur'an begin with the first level and end up with the third level. There is dialogue that only uses Ibtida level, level of Talibi and Inkari. The findings also show the jumlah  ismiyyah used in verses in the form of Divine recognition while the jumlah  ismiyyah and jumlah fi'liyyah are both used in the context of attitude, behavior and actions. For the purpose of eternity, al-Khabar's alphabet also uses the al-Shart wa al-Jawab language style. Keywords: al-Khabar, Dialogue in al-Qur’an, Jumlah Fi’liyyah, Jumlah Ismiyyah. Abstrak Kajian ini berkaitan laras bahasa al-Khabar yang terdapat dalam ayat-ayat dialog dua hala al-Qur’an. Ayat dialog berlaku secara soal-jawab antara dua pihak. al-Khabar merupakan suatu ucapan yang mempunyai kebarangkalian keesahan atau kepalsuan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneroka metode penyampaian al-khabar oleh pekata dialog al-qur’an dan menganalisis fungsiannya. Analisis yang dijalankan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menjadikan teori  al-Hashimi, al-Samarra’i dan al-Jurjani sebagai kerangka asas analisis. Dapatan menunjukkan tidak semua dialog dua hala dalam al-Qur’an bermula dengan tahap pertama dan berakhir dengan tahap ketiga. Terdapat dialog yang hanya menggunakan tahap Ibtida’, tahap Talibi dan Inkari dan tahap Ibtida’, Talibi dan Inkari. Dapatan juga menunjukkan jumlah ismiyyah digunakan dalam ayat-ayat berbentuk pengakuan ketuhanan manakala jumlah ismiyyah dan jumlah fi’liyyah kedua-duanya digunakan dalam konteks perbincangan sikap, tingkah laku dan tindakan. Bagi tujuan maksud kekekalan, laras bahasa al-Khabar juga menggunakan gaya bahasa al-Shart wa al-Jawab.Kata Kunci: al-Khabar, Dialog al-Qur’an, Jumlah Fi’liyyah, Jumlah Ismiyyah.

CFD Investigation of Empty Flanged Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine

Enclosing a wind turbine within a Flanged diffuser is an innovative mean to increase the power harvested by turbine blades and it is among the most effective devices for increasing wind turbine energy. The geometric parameters of the empty flanged diffuser contribute efficiently to increase mass flow in the diffuser, hence improve the turbine performance. The study presents developed models of the geometrical parameters of an empty flanged diffuser that suitable for a scaled-down (1-6.5) horizontal axis wind turbine, the geometry parameters were involved the diffuser length, diffuser angle, flange height and flange angle. The geometrical models were verified and CFD investigated in 2-D and 3-D domains. Results obtained from CFD simulations show that when using a compact size of flanged diffuser within optimum geometrical parameters can give well acceptable for flow velocity increase at suggested place for the turbine rotor install where the increase in flow velocity is due to lower pressure at the outlet of the diffuser. As there is also a significant effect of the flange angle on increasing the flow velocity inside the diffuser where the rate of increase in wind velocity at turbine position was calculated for two flange angles (0 ÌŠ and 5 ÌŠ ) . In another hand, the results also provided information on the velocity contours and velocity streamlines around diffuser geometry

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

CFD investigation of empty flanged diffuser augmented wind turbine

Enclosing a wind turbine within a flanged diffuser is an innovative mean to increase the power harvested by turbine blades and it is among the most effective devices for increasing wind turbine energy. The geometric parameters of the empty flanged diffuser contribute efficiently to increase mass flow in the diffuser, hence improve the turbine performance. The study presents developed models of the geometrical parameters of an empty flanged diffuser that suitable for a scaled-down (1-6.5) horizontal axis wind turbine, the geometry parameters were involved the diffuser length, diffuser angle, flange height and flange angle. The geometrical models were verified and CFD investigated in 2-D and 3-D domains. Results obtained from CFD simulations show that, using a compact size of flanged diffuser within optimum geometrical parameters can give well acceptable for flow velocity increase at suggested place for the turbine rotor install. The increase in flow velocity is due to lower pressure at the outlet of the diffuser. As there is also a significant effect of the flange angle on increasing the flow velocity inside the diffuser where the rate of increase in wind velocity at turbine position was calculated for two flange angles (0 ̊ and 5 ̊). In another hand, the results also provided information on the velocity contours and velocity streamlines around diffuser geometry

Wind tunnel experiment of UTM-LST generic light aircraft model with external store

This paper discusses the impact of the external store on the aerodynamic performance of the light aircraft model in the subsonic region. Light aircrafts are commonly used for pilots training, survey, leisure and transportation. To date, there have been a lot of small aircrafts used for strategic purposes where an external store, either external fuel storage or armament, has been installed on its wing. Examples of such aircraft are KAI-KA1, A29 Super Tucano, and Beechcraft AT-6. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of this external store installation on the aerodynamic characteristics of a small aircraft. An available light aircraft model of UTM Low speed wind tunnel (UTM-LST) has been modified so that a generic external store can be mounted on the lower surface of the wing. Two set of experiments were carried out on the model which were; experimental with an external store followed by experimental without external store as a benchmark of tested configuration. The experiments were conducted at two different speeds of 26 and 39 m/ s that correspond to Reynolds numbers 0.4 × 106 and 0.6 × 106 respectively. Three measurement techniques were employed on each configuration. The first measurement was the 6 component forces and moments measurement technique. The second technique was the pressure measurement on the wing, and the final test was the tufts flow visualization. The result of steady balance indicated that the external store has no effect on the coefficient of lift at low attack angle. However, it showed that there was a reduction of lift coefficient by 2% at higher angle of attack. The data showed that the coefficient of drag increases by 4% when the external is installed. Surprisingly, the installation of the store has insignificant effects on the pitching moment coefficient. An interesting feature observed from surface pressure studies where, the results showed that the pressure coefficient increased when the external is mounted on the wing at a low angle of attack. Such changes, however, do not occur at high angle of attack

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe