Complementary Oriental Cities, the Case of Harar and Dire Dawa (Eastern Ethiopia)

The article touches on a number of themes relevant to the topic of complementarity of cities. Two cities of Eastern Ethiopia are being considered, Harar, an ancient and religious centre of Islam, also called a holy city of Islam in the Horn of Africa, and Dire Dawa, founded as a railway station, which further developed into a commercial and industrial centre and a second chartered city of Ethiopia – after the capital city of Addis Ababa. Statistical data presented in the article show complementary character of both cities on the level of business and economic development, while cultural data answer the question on how two cities can be complementary in the cultural sphere of a society life, the final result of the article being a suggestion that complementarity can be observed not only as an economic, but also as a cultural phenomenon

Mineralogical characteristics of the heterolithic formations from the Carpathian Foredeep Miocene sediments, south-eastern Poland

Heterolithic complexes from the Carpathian Foredeep are a subject of growing attention as many natural gas accumulations of industrial importance have been discovered in such formations during the last decades. The aim of the presented work was to determine lithotypes of different lithology and mineralogical composition in the heterolithic sequences. Individual lithotypes were distinguished of macroscopic observations of cores, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence method (XRF). Preliminary distinction of the lithotypes was based on macroscopic observations of the core samples. Correlation plots between the contents of particular minerals (XRD analyses) and corresponding elements (XRF analyses) were used for verification of the lithotypes distinguished on the basis of macroscopic observations. Swelling properties of the investigated rocks were determined using the cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. The following lithotypes were identified: medium- to fine-grained sandstones, fine- to very fine-grained sandstones, clayey sandstones, sand-dominated heteroliths, heteroliths with equal proportions of sandstones and mudstones, mud-dominated heteroliths, mudstones, clayey shales. Such division provides a basis for precise petrophysical characterization of the analyzed profiles, that is assignment of particular petrophysical parameters values to individual lithotypes. More reliable petrophysical parameters in the geophysical interpretation of heterolithic sequences allow for a more precise determination of zones characterized by good reservoir parameters

Zaćma jako powikłanie przewlekłej steroidoterapii stosowanej w leczeniu choroby Leśniowskiego-Crohna

In this article we present a case of 49-year-old patient hospitalizated in the Department of Gastroenterology, Human Nutrition and Internal Diseases of Clinical Hospital in Poznan due to Lesniowski-Crohn’s disease. In order to the remission of ongoing inflammation and control of relapses, patient used an intense steroid therapy for period of 5 years. In the discussion we describe shortly Lesniowski-Crohn’s disease, one of the inflammatory bowel diseases, including gastrointensinal and parenteral symptoms. The authors focused on multi-organ complications of chronic steroid therapy. In the article we watch out for ocular symptoms and the development of posterior subcapsular cataract which was diagnosed in patient. It is a problem present in a large group of patients, including the side effects of long-term steroid therapy. It should be stressed that steroid-induced cataract is a major problem in the population of patients with long-term treatment, and might impact the quality of life. This article includes above all clinical symptoms, pathological mechanism and risk factors inducing cataract. We present also medical indications qualifying for surgical implantation of intraocular lenses (IOLs). It came out that discontinuation of steroid therapy does not cure cataract and does not prevent further side effects of the management, so long treatment and clinical supervision of the patient are necessary. The study highlights complications that can occur after ophthalmic surgery. The role of the physician who prescribes steroid therapy is very significant because he is in charge of implementation of prevention steps and treatment of complications. The aim is to underline that only interdisciplinary approach in patients with Lesniowski-Crohn’s disease can benefit and it concerns both specialist as well general practitioner.W artykule przedstawiono przypadek 49-letniego pacjenta leczonego w Klinice Gastroenterologii, Żywienia Człowieka i Chorób Wewnętrznych w Poznaniu z powodu choroby Leśniowskiego-Crohna. W celu remisji toczącego się stanu zapalnego oraz opanowania rzutów choroby u pacjenta stosowano intensywną steroidoterapię przez okres pięciu lat. W poniższym omówieniu zawarto krótką charakterystykę choroby Leśniowskiego-Crohna, należącej do nieswoistych chorób zapalnych jelit oraz poszczególnych objawów pozajelitowych, występujących w jej przebiegu. Autorzy skupili się na licznych wielonarządowych powikłaniach wynikających z przewlekłej steroidoterapii. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na objawy oczne i rozwój zaćmy podtorebkowej tylnej, którą rozpoznano u przedstawionego pacjenta podczas konsultacji okulistycznej. Stanowi ona problem obecny u sporej grupy pacjentów, u której opisano skutki uboczne wieloletniego leczenia glikokortykosteroidami. Należy zatem podkreślić, że zaćma posteroidowa stanowi istotny problem w populacji dłu­gotrwale leczonych pacjentów, wpływający na jakość życia oraz chęć dalszej współpracy z lekarzem. W pracy uwzględniono przede wszystkim objawy kliniczne, patomechanizm oraz czynniki predysponujące do rozwoju zaćmy posteroidowej. Omówiono wskazania kwalifikujące pacjenta do zabiegu operacyjnego wszczepienia sztucznych soczewek. Okazuje się, że samo odstawienie glikokortykosteroidów nie powoduje wyleczenia zaćmy, co dodatkowo komplikuje postępowanie z pacjentem oraz wydłuża konieczność postępowania terapeutycznego i obserwacji. W pracy wyróżniono również powikłania mogące wystąpić po przeprowadzonym zabiegu okulistycznym. Zwrócono uwagę na rolę lekarza zlecającego leczenie glikokortykosteroidami — jego rolę we wdrażaniu odpowiednich kroków w profilaktyce oraz w leczeniu powikłań, przed ich dalszym rozwinięciem. Celem pracy jest podkreślenie konieczności wieloaspektowego i wielodyscyplinarnego podejścia do pacjenta z chorobą Leśniowskiego-Crohna zarówno przez lekarza specjalistę, jak i lekarza medycyny rodzinnej

Osteoporoza posteroidowa w chorobie Leśniowskiego-Crohna — studium przypadku

Choroba Leśniowskiego-Crohna cechuje się przewlekłym przebiegiem i wymaga długotrwałego leczenia. Intensywna steroidoterapia prowadzi do wystąpienia licznych powikłań, w tym wtórnej osteoporozy. Wykonywanie odpowiednich badań diagnostycznych (densytometria), właściwa profilaktyka oraz wdrożenie leczenia w odpowiednim czasie minimalizują negatywne skutki steroidoterapii. W niniejszym artykule opisano pacjenta, u którego wystąpiła posteroidowa osteoporoza w przebiegu choroby Leśniowskiego-Crohna

African Linguistics in Central and Eastern Europe, and in the Nordic Countries

Non peer reviewe

Methodology for defining the concentration of radioactive elements in the silt fraction separated from Carpathian Foredeep Miocene formations

The research was performed on seven samples of Miocene rocks collected from the core. The selected material was represented by sandstones, mudstones and claystones. The main goal of the work was to separate the silt fraction and to determine its impact on the level of radioactivity of the Miocene rocks of the Carpathian Foredeep. In this study, the silt fraction separation method developed in the Well Logging Department of INiG – PIB was used. Wentworth classification was used to determine the size of the silt, assuming its range from 4 to 63 µm. The selected rock material was prepared in several stages using the methods of freezing, sieving, centrifugation and sedimentation. Additional tests, including mineralogical XRD, chemical XRF and matrix density measurements were performed to determine the rock types and their properties. A number of radiometric tests were performed to determine the content of natural radioactive elements. The analyses were carried out on a small number of tests because of their long preparation and limited material availability. Reliable determination of the parameters of individual grain fractions required verification and improvement of the applied research methods. Radiometric measurements determining the natural content of potassium 40K, uranium 238U and thorium 232Th were carried out in the RT-50 equipped with a three-inch NaI(Tl) crystal. In the first place, standard analyses were conducted for dried and crushed samples of Miocene claystones, mudstones and sandstones. Further measurements were made on the separated silt fraction and in the case of one sample, also on the remaining fractions (clay and sand). In this case, the analyses were carried out repeatedly using a new procedure enabling the determination of radioactive elements in low-mass samples. The results of the work allowed approximate determination of the natural gamma radioactivity of the silt. An important conclusion is that, silt is no more radioactive than the other components of the rock. This paper also attempted the estimation of the impact of heavy mineral content on the natural radioactivity of the Miocene rocks. For tests purpose, minerals with a density above 2.85 g/cm3 were separated from the rock samples and a series of analyses were carried out once again. The obtained results were minimally understated but close enough to the samples before separation. It can be concluded that the heavy minerals in the tested samples do not affect the total radioactivity of the rocks in the research area

Intertextual and Intersemiotic Strategies in Writings of Julia Hartwig

Celem niniejszej pracy jest określenie rodzajów strategii transtekstualnych oraz intersemiotycznych w twórczości Julii Hartwig. Rozdział pierwszy skupia się na omówieniu charakteru zbiorów błysków oraz wskazanie jaką rolę pełni ten rezerwuar cytatów w twórczości poetki poprzez wpisywanie ich we własny kontekst wiersza. Rozdział drugi skupia się na relacjach intersemiotycznych wobec biografii innych artystów traktowanych jako teksty kultury. Rozdział trzeci ma na celu prześledzenie relacji między tekstami słownymi a realizacjami malarskimi. W zakończeniu w oparciu o dorobek translatorski poetki staram się wskazać rolę cytatu jako istotnego elementu pamięci kulturowej.The aim of this thesis is to define the intertextual and intersemiotic strategies in writings of Julia Hartwig. The first chapter provides the analysis of compilations of “flashes” and indicates their role as the set of citations in her poetry. The second chapter is focused on intersemiotic relations with the biographies of other artists considered as the texts of culture. The third chapter describes relations between her writings and painting. In the conclusion, basing on translational works of Julia Hartwig, the author indicates the role of citation as important component of the cultural memory

Liver Injury in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—A Narrative Review

While respiratory symptoms are prevalent in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, growing evidence indicates that COVID-19 affects a wide variety of organs. Coronaviruses affect not only the respiratory system, but also the circulatory, nervous and digestive systems. The most common comorbidities in COVID-19 patients are hypertension, followed by diabetes, cardiovascular, and respiratory disease. Most conditions predisposing to SARS-CoV-2 infection are closely related to the metabolic syndrome. Obesity and chronic diseases, including liver disease, are associated with the induction of pro-inflammatory conditions and a reduction in immune response disorders, leading to the suspicion that these conditions may increase the susceptibility to SARS-CoV2 infection and the risk of complications. The definition of liver damage caused by COVID-19 has not yet been established. COVID-19 may contribute to both primary and secondary liver injury in people with pre-existing chronic disease and impaired liver reserves, leading to exacerbation of underlying disease, liver decompensation, or acute chronic liver failure. Therefore, many researchers have interpreted it as clinical or laboratory abnormalities in the course of the disease and treatment in patients with or without pre-existing liver disease. The research results available so far indicate that patients with liver disease require special attention in the event of COVID-19 infection

The Captive Mind. Totalitarian Soviet reality and (the lack of) man's free will.

Celem pracy jest ukazanie przejawów procesu zniewolenia mieszkańców w totalitarnej rzeczywistości ZSRR. Podstawą do analizy zjawiska są książki Wierny Rusłan Gieorgija Władimowa oraz Wszystko płynie Wasilija Grossmana, którym zostały poświęcone rozdział pierwszy oraz drugi. We wstępie pracy autorka przedstawia pojęcie i rodzaje wolności, głównie w wersji marksistowskiej oraz personalistycznej, a także w powiązaniu ze sferą aksjologii. Przedstawione dzieła stanowią przykłady zjawiska tzw. wolnej literatury, dlatego w zakończeniu zostaje zaprezentowana istota tego zjawiska i inne przykłady wolnej literatury stawiające pod rozwagę kwestie wolności i zniewolenia w totalitarnej rzeczywistości Związku Radzieckiego.In this work the author presents the aspects of mental captivity of the inhabitants of totalitarian soviet Russia. Two books of the era: Faithful Ruslan of Georgi Vladimov and Forever Flowing of Vasily Grossman are used as the basis for the analysis and occupy first two chapters. The author starts with the concepts of freedom, mainly those presented by Marxist and personalist philosophical schools, and explores its connection with the axiology. As the analyzed works are examples of so-called “free literature” the last chapter describes the essence of this phenomenon and some of its other examples related to the issue of a freedom and captivity in a totalitarian soviet reality