A corpus for studying full answer justification

International audienceQuestion answering (QA) systems aim at retrieving precise information from a large collection of documents. To be considered as reliable by users, a QA system must provide elements to evaluate the answer. This notion of answer justification can also be useful when developing a QA system in order to give criteria for selecting correct answers. An answer justification can be found in a sentence, a passage made of several consecutive sentences or several passages of a document or several documents. Thus, we are interested in pinpointing the set of information that allows verifying the correctness of the answer in a candidate passage and the question elements that are missing in this passage. Moreover, the relevant information is often given in texts in a different form from the question form : anaphora, paraphrases, synonyms. In order to have a better idea of the importance of all the phenomena we underlined, and to provide enough examples at the QA developer’s disposal to study them, we decided to build an annotated corpus

<i>Gaia</i> Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties

Context. At about 1000 days after the launch of Gaia we present the first Gaia data release, Gaia DR1, consisting of astrometry and photometry for over 1 billion sources brighter than magnitude 20.7. Aims. A summary of Gaia DR1 is presented along with illustrations of the scientific quality of the data, followed by a discussion of the limitations due to the preliminary nature of this release. Methods. The raw data collected by Gaia during the first 14 months of the mission have been processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) and turned into an astrometric and photometric catalogue. Results. Gaia DR1 consists of three components: a primary astrometric data set which contains the positions, parallaxes, and mean proper motions for about 2 million of the brightest stars in common with the HIPPARCOS and Tycho-2 catalogues – a realisation of the Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution (TGAS) – and a secondary astrometric data set containing the positions for an additional 1.1 billion sources. The second component is the photometric data set, consisting of mean G-band magnitudes for all sources. The G-band light curves and the characteristics of ∼3000 Cepheid and RR-Lyrae stars, observed at high cadence around the south ecliptic pole, form the third component. For the primary astrometric data set the typical uncertainty is about 0.3 mas for the positions and parallaxes, and about 1 mas yr−1 for the proper motions. A systematic component of ∼0.3 mas should be added to the parallax uncertainties. For the subset of ∼94 000 HIPPARCOS stars in the primary data set, the proper motions are much more precise at about 0.06 mas yr−1. For the secondary astrometric data set, the typical uncertainty of the positions is ∼10 mas. The median uncertainties on the mean G-band magnitudes range from the mmag level to ∼0.03 mag over the magnitude range 5 to 20.7. Conclusions. Gaia DR1 is an important milestone ahead of the next Gaia data release, which will feature five-parameter astrometry for all sources. Extensive validation shows that Gaia DR1 represents a major advance in the mapping of the heavens and the availability of basic stellar data that underpin observational astrophysics. Nevertheless, the very preliminary nature of this first Gaia data release does lead to a number of important limitations to the data quality which should be carefully considered before drawing conclusions from the data

Finding answers to questions, in text collections or web, in open domain or specialty domains

International audienceThis chapter is dedicated to factual question answering, i.e. extracting precise and exact answers to question given in natural language from texts. A question in natural language gives more information than a bag of word query (i.e. a query made of a list of words), and provides clues for finding precise answers. We will first focus on the presentation of the underlying problems mainly due to the existence of linguistic variations between questions and their answerable pieces of texts for selecting relevant passages and extracting reliable answers. We will first present how to answer factual question in open domain. We will also present answering questions in specialty domain as it requires dealing with semi-structured knowledge and specialized terminologies, and can lead to different applications, as information management in corporations for example. Searching answers on the Web constitutes another application frame and introduces specificities linked to Web redundancy or collaborative usage. Besides, the Web is also multilingual, and a challenging problem consists in searching answers in target language documents other than the source language of the question. For all these topics, we present main approaches and the remaining problems

Evaluation de la réponse d'un système de question-réponse et de sa justification.

National audienceLes systèmes de question-réponse fournissent une réponse à une question en l’extrayant d’un ensemble de documents. Avec celle-ci ils fournissent également un passage de texte permettant de la justifier. On peut alors chercher à évaluer si la réponse proposée par un système est correcte et justifiée par le passage. Pour cela, nous nous sommes fondés sur la vérification de différents critères : le premier tient compte de la proportion et du type des termes communs au passage et à la question, le second de la proximité de ces termes par rapport à la réponse, le troisième compare la réponse à considérer avec celle obtenue par le système de question-réponse FRASQUES utilisé sur le passage à juger et le dernier est une vérification du type de la réponse. Les différents critères sont ensuite combinés grâce à un classifieur utilisant les arbres de décision

Repression, restriction, manipulation:strategies for the arrangement of the society and the State

Este artículo está incluido dentro del Dossier "Generaciones y memoria de la represión franquista: un balance de los movimientos por la memoria. 2. ¿Política de exterminio? El debate acerca de la ideología, estrategias e instrumentos de la represión"La política de exterminio y el objetivo que persiguió se sustentaban en la firme intención de los militares sublevados el 18 de julio de 1936 de acabar con los disidentes de la ideología ultra conservadora que pretendían imponer, disidentes que hacían peligrar sus privilegios y sus haciendas. En estas páginas trataremos de demostrar que Franco y los grupos que apoyaron al Régimen, diseñaron un conjunto de acciones encadenadas en el tiempo y en la temática que, analizadas en su totalidad, conforman una gran estrategia de dominación que rigió la sociedad y el Estado. Palabras clave: represión, restricciónThe policy of extermination and the objective that persecuted, it was sustained in the firm intention of the incited military the 18 of 1936 July to end the dissidents of the ultraconservative ideology which they tried to impose, dissidents who could made danger their privileges and their properties. In these pages we will try to explain that Franco and the groups which supported the Regime designed a set of actions chained in the time and the thematic that analyzed in their totality, conformed a strategy of domination that lead the society and the State.Publicad

Sélection de réponses à des questions dans un corpus Web par validation

National audienceLes systèmes de questions réponses recherchent la réponse à une question posée en langue naturelle dans un ensemble de documents. Les collections Web diffèrent des articles de journaux de par leurs structures et leur style. Pour tenir compte de ces spécificités nous avons développé un système fondé sur une approche robuste de validation où des réponses candidates sont extraites à partir de courts passages textuels puis ordonnées par apprentissage. Les résultats montrent une amélioration du MRR (Mean Reciprocal Rank) de 48% par rapport à la baseline

Maria Edgeworth and children's literature: the translation of "The parent's assistant" (1796) into Spanish

Maria Edgeworth (1768-1849) became one of the most popular and prolific women writers in nineteenth-century Great Britain. After the publication of her ground-breaking Castle Rackrent (1800), Edgeworth’s oeuvre was soon admired and translated all around Europe. Nevertheless, many aspects of her works remain unexplored, and within the field of the so-called Edgeworth Studies, the continental reception of the Anglo-Irish authoress is not a favourite topic. Similarly, Edgeworth’s productions for children have been also been traditionally neglected. This article is part of a larger project and analyzes the nineteenth-century versions into Spanish of three stories from the collection The Parent’s Assistant or Stories for Children (1796): “Lazy Lawrence”, “The False Key” and “Forgive and Forget”. We will focus on the most remarkable features of the translations taking into account the source text and adopting translemic studies and Itamar Even-Zohar’s theory of literary polysystems as the theoretical framework for our analysis. The contributions of other scholars will be taken into account as well.Maria Edgeworth (1768-1849) se convirtió en una de las escritoras más populares y prolíficas en Gran Bretaña durante el siglo diecinueve. Iras la publicación del innovador relato Castle Rackrent (1800), la obra de Edgeworth fue pronto admirada y traducida por toda Europa. Sin embargo, muchos aspectos de su obra permanecen sin explorar y dentro de los llamados Edgeworth Studies, la recepción continental de la autora angloirlandesa no es uno de los temas más tratados. Igualmente, la obra infantil de Edgeworth se ha desatendido. Este artículo forma parte de un proyecto más amplio y analiza las versiones decimonónicas de tres historias de la colección The Parent’s Assistant or Stories for Children (1796): “Lazy Lawrence”, “The False Key” y “Forgive and Forget”. Nos centraremos en los rasgos más importantes de las traducciones teniendo en cuenta el texto original. Se adoptarán los estudios translémicos y la teoría de los polisistemas literarios de Itamar Even-Zohar como marco para nuestro análisis, así como las contribuciones de otros estudiosos de la traducción