Bovine trypanosomiasis in female breed dairy cattle of region high Andean, Antioquia : a case report

ABSTRACT: La tripanosomiasis en una enfermedad que históricamente se ha circunscrito como una enfermedad tropical endémica, cuya trasmisión se da con mayor frecuencia en ecosistemas cálidos y templados por debajo de los 1.000 msnm. Según Morse, en los últimos años se ha dado un cambio tanto en la adaptación del microorganismo, como de la ampliación de las zonas de riesgo para las enfermedades vectoriales, desencadenada por el cambio ecológico de los nuevos sistemas agrícolas y de la transición climática actual, para el caso de la Tripanosomiasis se ha ampliado su ecología, mediada por estos cambios bioclimáticos y por la movilidad de semovientes entre las diferentes zonas agroclimáticas del país. En el presente trabajo se presenta el caso de un bovino de raza lechera en una zona alto andina en el departamento de Antioquia, Colombia.ABSTRAC: Trypanosomiasis is a tropical endemic disease usually reported in humid-temperate zones up to 1000 masl. Recently, it has showed changes related to microorganism adaptation and expansion of risk zones triggered by ecological shifts of new agriculture systems, the current climate change, and animals’ mobility among different geographical areas. This paper aims to discuss a case report of Bovine Trypanosomiasis in a dairy producer region in the Andean high of Antioquia, Colombia

Structures of rumen ciliate protozoa relevant to the morphological characterization

RESUMEN: Los protozoos ciliados ruminales cohabitan con bacterias, arqueas, hongos y bacteriófagos del ecosistema ruminal. Esta diversa microbiota está bien adaptada para vivir bajo las condiciones del rumen, convirtiéndose en endosimbiontes de rumiantes, al cumplir un importante papel en la digestión de los alimentos y el suministro de nutrientes al hospedero en forma de proteína microbiana, ácidos grasos volátiles y vitaminas (...)

Attitudes, Social Influences and Decision-Making in the Choice of Antimicrobials for the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis

The excessive and irrational use of antimicrobials for the control of bovine mastitis has been the subject of study throughout the world for many decades. Currently, the use of antimicrobials in livestock is of great interest from the “One Health” approach. Scientific research has revealed that the reasons for the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in production are related to human behavior, political, commercial, and economic factors. The objective of this study was to understand the attitudes toward the use of the laboratory and the social influences for decision-making in the choice of antimicrobials in the treatment of bovine mastitis in the North of Antioquia, Colombia. The study was developed through mixed methods (cross-sectional and grounded theory) with a convergent triangulation design. Two hundred and sixteen dairy farmers and 9 veterinarians participated. The results allow us to conclude that the problem of antimicrobial resistance related to mastitis and udder health planning depends on both technical aspects and access to knowledge and to laboratory services and, perhaps, even more importantly, on the culture and social relations that are established between the dairy farmer and the other actors of the dairy chain in the north of Antioquia

Role of rumen ciliated protozoa in the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid. A review

ABSTRACT: Traditionally, ruminal ciliate protozoa have been studied with respect to the metabolism of dietary nutrients. Their role has focused on their predatory behavior, the paradigm of its retention in the rumen, and its apparent limited flow to the duodenum. On the other hand, Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Vaccenic Acid (VA) are important because of their nutritional value. This review aims to characterize the biological alternatives used by rumen ciliate protozoa for the production of CLA, highlighting three aspects: 1) rumen protozoa are involved only in the initial stage of biohydrogenation to produce CLA isomers, 2) desaturation by protozoa has not been reported, while endogen synthesis by desaturation of VA in mammary glands and fatty tissues has been demonstrated as the main route of CLA in ruminants, 3) even though incorporation of VA and cis9, trans11-CLA in protozoa structure is related with CLA production, this is only important when protozoa flow from rumen to duodenum, producing 30 to 43% of CLA and a 40% of VA, respectively. It is concluded that rumen protozoa are fundamental in the lipid metabolism of ruminants.RESUMEN: Tradicionalmente, los protozoos ciliados ruminales han sido estudiados en relación con el metabolismo de nutrientes de la dieta suministrada al rumiante. Particularmente, su papel ha sido cuestionado debido a sus características predadoras, aunado al paradigma de la retención de los protozoos en el rumen y el aparente limitado flujo al duodeno por reciclaje de la proteína microbiana. De otro lado, los ácidos linoleico conjugado (CLA) y vacénico (VA) son dos productos de gran interés nutricional. Estas dos situaciones han generado interés en la investigación de esta representativa población de la microbiota ruminal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar, a partir de la literatura científica, las alternativas biológicas utilizadas por los protozoos ciliados del rumen para la producción de CLA. Nosotros encontramos que: 1) los protozoos ruminales sólo participan en la parte inicial de la biohidrogenación, la “isomerización de ácidos grasos insaturados”, generando isómeros de CLA, 2) la desaturación en protozoos, no se demostró en estudios, y queda claro que la síntesis endógena por desaturación de VA, en glándula mamaria y tejidos grasos se establece como el mayor recurso de CLA en el rumiante, 3) aun cuando la incorporación de VA y cis9, trans11-CLA en la estructura de los protozoos está relacionada con la producción de CLA, esta sólo es importante hasta cuando se da el flujo de protozoos del rumen a duodeno donde son responsables del 30 al 43% del CLA y 40% del VA. Se concluye, que los protozoos ruminales son trascendentales en el metabolismo lipídico de rumiantes

Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goat production systems under confinement, semi-confinement and grazing in municipalities of Antioquia, Colombia

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de nematodos gastrointestinales en sistemas de producción de ganado ovino y caprino en el trópico de Antioquia, Colombia, mediante un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se incluyeron 17 apriscos de 9 municipios y 302 animales (ovejas y cabras). Se evaluó la frecuencia de parasitismo gastrointestinal y carga parasitaria de especies y géneros determinados a través de la caracterización taxonómica por identificación de las larvas (L3), considerando variables clínico-epidemiológicas. El 76% de los animales se encontraba infectado, donde el 69.5% presentó cargas parasitarias bajas (menos de 200 hpg de heces). Se concluyó que los apriscos de Antioquia presentan alta prevalencia de infección por Tricostrongilidos, siendo Haemonchus contortus (61.3%), Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta (25.5%) y Trichostrongylus sp (21.5%) los parásitos más frecuentes.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goat production systems in the tropics of Antioquia, Colombia through a cross-sectional study. Faecal samples were collected from 302 sheep and goats from 17 farms in 9 municipalities. The prevalence of nematode infection and the parasite burden based on species and genus identified through taxonomic characterization of infective third-stage larvae (L3) and considering clinical and epidemiological variables were evaluated. The prevalence of infected ruminants was 76%, where 69.5% showed low parasite burden (less than 200 epg of faeces). It is concluded that ovine and caprine farms in Antioquia had high prevalence of Trichostrongylids infection, where Haemonchus contortus (61.3%), Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta (25.5%) and Trichostrongylus sp (21.5%) were the most common parasites

Evaluation of Pap staining and trichrome staining in rumen ciliate protozoa Richard Zapata

ABSTRACT: Ruminal ciliated protozoa show morphological differences between their orders, including the majority share of its internal structures varying in size, shape and spatial arrangement, which allows differentiation. Therefore, the colors we studied could be a useful tool for morphological identification of these organisms. Objective Evaluate Staining affinity and quality of the Pap staining and Trichrome staining in ruminal ciliated protozoa. Materials and methods Experimental study made from factorial designs analyzed through nonparametric tests. The Pap and Trichrome stains were tested with 36 treatments in triplicate. Results For PAP staining in the order Vestibuliferida the preservative formaldehyde 10% (p = 0.040) and time of alcohol exposure to 120 min (p = 0.046) showed statistically significant differences for the affinity; Entodiniomorphida order not present statistically significant in none of the factors, like quality to that color for the two orders. As Trichrome staining, we found that none of the orders had a significant effect of the factors evaluated on the response variable affinity, on the contrary, the quality showed significant differences for the two orders, the order Vestibuliferida showed significant differences using the preservative formalin 10% (p = 0.000) and fixed with Schaudinn 30 min (p = 0.023) and Entodiniomorphida only showed differences with the preservative formalin 10% (p = 0.002). Conclusions The coloring of the best results in both orders to the two response variables is the Papanicolaou stain.RESUMEN: Los protozoos ciliados ruminales presentan diferencias morfológicas entre sus órdenes, comparten entre ellos la mayoría de sus estructuras internas, variando en forma, tamaño y disposición espacial, lo que hace posible su diferenciación. Por tanto, las coloraciones estudiadas podrían ser una herramienta útil para la identificación morfológica de estos microorganismos. Objetivo Evaluar la afinidad tintorial y la calidad de las coloraciones de Papanicolaou y tricrómica en la tinción de protozoos ciliados ruminales. Materiales y métodos Estudio experimental realizado a partir de diseños factoriales analizados a través de pruebas no paramétricas. Las coloraciones de Papanicolaou y tricrómica se evaluaron con 36 tratamientos, por triplicado. Resultados Para la coloración de Papanicolaou en el orden Vestibuliferida el conservante formaldehído 10% (p= 0,040) y el tiempo de exposición del alcohol a 120 min (p=0,046) presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas para la afinidad; el orden Entodiniomorphida no presentó significancia estadística en ninguno de sus factores, al igual que la calidad para dicha coloración para los dos órdenes. En cuanto a la coloración tricrómica, se encontró que para ninguno de los órdenes se presentó un efecto significativo de los factores evaluados sobre la variable de respuesta afinidad; al contrario, la calidad presentó diferencias significativas para los dos órdenes, el orden Vestibuliferida presenta diferencias significativas usando el conservante formalina 10% (p= 0,000) y el fijado con Schaudinn 30 min (p=0,023) y para Entodiniomorphida solo se observaron diferencias con el conservante formalina 10% (p= 0,002). Conclusiones La coloración que presentó los mejores resultados en ambos órdenes para las dos variables de respuesta es la coloración de Papanicolaou

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs