9 research outputs found
Long-term outcome after mitral valve repair: a risk factor analysis
- Author
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 02/08/2017
- Field of study
Objective: Mitral valve repair is the gold standard to restore mitral valve function and is now known to have good long-term outcome. In order to help perioperative decision making, we analyzed our collective to find independent risk factors affecting their outcome. Methods: We retrospectively studied our first 175 consecutive adult patients (mean age: 64±10.4 years; 113 males) who underwent primary mitral valve repair associated with any other cardiac procedures between January 1986 and December 1998. Risk factors influencing reoperations and late survival were plotted in a uni- and multivariate analyses. Results: Operative mortality was 3.4% (6 deaths, 0-22nd postoperative day (POD)). Late mortality was 9.1% (16 deaths, 3rd-125th POM). Reoperation was required in five patients. Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis demonstrated a 96±1% 1-year survival, 88±3% 5-year survival and a 69±8% 10-year survival. Freedom from reoperations was 99% at 1 year after repair, 97±2% after 5 years and 88±6% after 10 years. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that residual NYHA class III and IV (p=0.001, RR 4.55, 95% CI: 1.85-14.29), poor preoperative ejection fraction (p=0.013, RR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.18), functional MR (p=0.018, RR 4.17, 95% CI: 1.32-16.67), and ischemic MR (p=0.049, RR 3.13, 95% CI: 1.01-10.0) were all independent predictors of late death. Persistent mitral regurgitation at seventh POD (p=0.005, RR 4.55, 95% CI: 1.56-20.0), age below 60 (p=0.012, RR 8.7, 95% CI: 2.44-37.8), and absence of prosthetic ring (p=0.034, RR 4.76, 95% CI: 1.79-33.3) were all independent risk factors for reoperation. Conclusions: Mitral valve repair provides excellent survival. However, long-term outcome can be negatively influenced by perioperative risk factors. Risk of reoperation is higher in younger patients with a residual mitral regurgitation and without ring annuloplast
Sealing pseudo-aneurysms of the femoral artery with saline injection: a new technique
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/02/2012
- Field of study
Aims: Pseudo-aneurysm (PA) of the femoral artery is the most frequent complication after diagnostic or therapeutic catheterisation. PA may manifest with large and painful haematoma or compression of the adja-cent nerve and vein. Among several therapeutic approaches, compression by injection of saline around the neck is a recent and promising method. To explore compression with saline as an alternative treatment for iatrogenic femoral artery PA was the aim of this study.Methods and results: From December 2009 to January 2011, all consecutive patients with symptomatic PA were included in this study. After ultrasonic assessment, the PA neck was occluded by injection of a saline/lidocaïne (0.2%) mixture in the soft tissue at its vicinity, followed by a short echo-guided compression. Out-come was assessed at one and 30 days by duplex sonography. Eleven patients with PA requiring immediate treatment were included. All patients had at least one PA cavity. Moreover, four patients had multiple pulsa-tile cavities and seven patients had large thigh or abdominal haematoma, with either active bleeding, com-pression of adjacent organ or hypotension. Three patients had very short PA neck. The mean injected volume was 47±11 ml. The mean compression time until the PA was closed was 6±3 minutes. At one and 30 days, all PA remained occluded without any complication related to the procedure.Conclusions: Saline injection to seal PA is feasible, safe and very effective. The technique is rapid and well tolerated, and allows, after limited training, the closure of very large PA, even in case of emergency. This new technique is more comfortable for the patient and the operator, and surely more economical than thrombin injection or surgical arterial suture
Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study
- Author
- Abdallah Maakaroun
- Abdelaziz Benkhelil
- Abdelkader Bemrah
- Abdelkader Hrichi
- Abdelmajid Djeffal
- Abderkader Ouazir
- Abderrazak El Yamani
- Abderrezak Bouasria
- Abdourahim Chamouine
- Adel Ghedira
- Adeline Schendel
- Adrianna Bildea
- Adrien Lemaignen
- Adrien May
- Adrien Melis
- Agathe Blaise
- Agnès Ferroni
- Agnès Jouffret
- Agnès Juven
- Agnès Pélaquier
- Agnès Riche
- Agnès Vinay
- Ahmed Rouidi
- Ahmed Tigaizin
- Ahmed
- Aicha Derragui
- Aihem Yehia
- Aissa Kerchache
- Alain Améri
- Alain Brusset
- Alain Chapelle
- Alain Chevailler
- Alain Créange
- Alain Devidas
- Alain Fur
- Alain Geissler
- Alain Goudeau
- Alain Gourlaouen
- Alain Goux
- Alain Gravet
- Alain Lafeuillade
- Alain Le Coustumier
- Alain Lecis
- Alain Lozniewski
- Alain Michault
- Alain Noirot
- Alain Ravaud
- Alain Reynaud
- Alain Schmitt
- Alain Tissot
- Alain Vighetto
- Alain-Charles Fouilhoux
- Alban Deroux
- Alban Michaud-herbst
- Albert Sotto
- Alexandra Doloy
- Alexandra Fille
- Alexandra Moura
- Alexandre Ampère
- Alexandre Damage
- Alexandre Gascon
- Alexandre Leclercq
- Alexandre Mebazaa
- Alexis Redor
- Ali Akkari
- Ali Chekroun
- Ali Kara
- Aline Nare
- Aline Secher
- Alix Greder Belan
- Amanda Lopes
- Amar Boudhane
- Amaya-Villar
- Ambroise Montcriol
- Amine Benjelloul
- Amélie Benbara
- Amélie Chabrol
- Amévi Ananivi
- An Kim
- Ana Danalaché
- Andrea Labaune-Kiss
- André Cabié
- André Péchinot
- André Sommabère
- Angéline Jamet
- Anna Faucher
- Anna Schmitt
- Annabelle Stoclin
- Anne Allart
- Anne Beauplet-Lepage
- Anne Berth-Farges
- Anne Bertrou
- Anne Bourlet
- Anne Ceriez
- Anne Collignon
- Anne Dao
- Anne Debernardi
- Anne Decoster
- Anne Faudon-Gibelin
- Anne Forest
- Anne Gaschet
- Anne Goquelin
- Anne Gruson
- Anne Heidt
- Anne Holstein
- Anne Le Du
- Anne Pottier
- Anne Reverseau
- Anne Scemla
- Anne Tixier
- Anne Vachée
- Anne Wuillai
- Anne-Christine Jaouen
- Anne-Claude Menguy
- Anne-Cécile Hochart
- Anne-Françoise Dillies
- Anne-Gaelle Kervegant
- Anne-Hélène Reboux
- Anne-Isabelle Briere
- Anne-Laure Breton
- Anne-Laure Fauchais
- Anne-Laure Virlouvet
- Anne-Marie Colingorski
- Anne-Marie Cordier
- Anne-Marie Forest
- Anne-Marie Le Reste
- Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso
- Anne-Sohie Moreau
- Anne-Sophie Erena-Penet
- Anne-Sophie Labussière
- Anne-Sophie Lipovac
- Anne-Sophie Peultier
- Anne-Sophie Poirier
- Annick Barboteau
- Annick Legras
- Annick Verhaeghe
- Annie Durand
- Annie Elbez
- Annie Motard-Picheloup
- Annie Vermesch-Langlin
- Annie Vessieres
- Anthony Sebban
- Anthony Texier
- Antoine Andremont
- Antoine Bouissou
- Antoine Legros
- Antoine Maisonneuve
- Antoine Pujol
- Antoine Vieillard Baron
- Antonio Teixeira
- Apollinaire Karirisi
- Armand Goll
- Armelle Lamour
- Armelle Morin-Fatome
- Arnaud Chalvon-Demersay
- Arnaud Delahaye
- Arnaud Guérard
- Arnaud Ribier
- Arnaud Serre
- Arnaud Sément
- Asma Trabelsi-Jnifen
- Assi Assi
- Assia Ferhat Carre
- Athéna Le Pierres
- Aude Bourrouillou
- Aude Lessene
- Audrey Barrelet
- Audrey Migraine Bouvagnet
- Audrey Moustache
- Aurelie Garbi
- Aurore Lamberet
- Aurélia Picard
- Aurélie Labé
- Aurélie Messager
- Aurélien Lorchleac'h
- Aurélien Lorléa'ch
- Ayman Abokasem
- Aziza Mandjee
- Bachar Al-Jalaby
- Badih Ayach
- Baihas Dib
- Bano Konate
- Basile Ondze
- Benjamin Davido
- Benjamin Manéglier
- Benoît Bergues
- Benoît Cazenave
- Benoît Claude
- Benoît Dalle
- Benoît Fontenel
- Benoît Grandclerc
- Benoît Guéry
- Benoît Henry
- Benoît Huc
- Benoît Jauhlac
- Benoît Libeau
- Benoît Lionnet
- Benoît Martha
- Benoît Pilmis
- Benoît Renard
- Bernadette Grignon
- Bernadette Tourrand
- Bernard Bedock
- Bernard Borstein
- Bernard Bouffandeau
- Bernard Branger
- Bernard Carbonelle
- Bernard Garrigues
- Bernard Gauche
- Bernard Gressier
- Bernard Guerquin
- Bernard Guillois
- Bernard Hory
- Bernard Huttin
- Bernard Jarrousse
- Bernard Karkous
- Bernard Kittschke
- Bernard Montmasson
- Bernard Simian
- Bernard Vache
- Bertille De Barbeyrac
- Bertrand Beaune
- Bertrand Guider
- Bertrand Lassere
- Bertrand Lioger
- Bertrand Maubert
- Bertrand Minguet
- Bertrand Pigeon
- Bertrand Rozec
- Bertrand Souweine
- Bincy Darre
- Blandine Cattier
- Bouchra Lamia
- Brigitte Bicais
- Brigitte Gruffat
- Brigitte Lamy
- Brigitte Lauzanne
- Brigitte Malbruny
- Brigitte Olivier
- Brigitte Rivière
- Brisse Castel
- Bruno Abraham
- Bruno Berdin
- Bruno Carbonne
- Bruno Chabanon-Pouget
- Bruno Chaminade
- Bruno Delpeuch
- Bruno Devaux
- Bruno Dumoulard
- Bruno Fantin
- Bruno Guérin
- Bruno Lemmens
- Bruno Pozzetto
- Bruno Riou
- Bruno Sivery
- Bruno Soulie
- Béatrice Bercot
- Béatrice Berteaux
- Béatrice Dubourdieu
- Béatrice Pangon
- Bénédicte Paindaveine
- Bénédicte Ponceau
- Bérangère Bernardaud
- Camille Bron
- Camille Dewitte
- Camille Petit Hoang
- Camille Seignovert
- Campbell
- Carlo Saroufim
- Carole Barbier
- Carole Marmouset
- Carole Pignon
- Carole Schwebel
- Carole-Anne Boudy
- Caroline Blazejewski
- Caroline Charlier
- Caroline Garandeau
- Caroline Léonnet
- Caroline Malderet
- Caroline Piau
- Caroline Périsson
- Caroline Thomas
- Catherine Branger
- Catherine Chirouze
- Catherine Claise
- Catherine Duche
- Catherine Godon
- Catherine Herry
- Catherine Heyraud-Blanchet
- Catherine Le Henaff
- Catherine Lechiche
- Catherine Mille
- Catherine Neuwirth
- Catherine Rebeyrotte
- Catherine Simonin
- Catherine Tamalet
- Catherine Tiry
- Cecilia Esnault
- Cedric Daupin
- Celia Salanoubat
- Chandrah Goburdhun
- Chantal Ache-Papillon
- Chantal Chaplain
- Chantal Delasalle
- Chantal Delesalle
- Chantal Dhennain
- Chantal Lemble
- Chantal Roure Sobas
- Charles Cerf
- Charles Kubiak
- Charles Marty-Ane
- Charlier
- Charlotte Cordonnier
- Charlotte Jouzel
- Chetaou Mahaza
- Chloé Di Meglio
- Chloé Plouzeau-Jayle
- Christel Cherlet
- Christelle Guillet-Caruba
- Christelle Tassot
- Christian Bidault
- Christian Cattoen
- Christian Chidiac
- Christian Combe
- Christian Floriot
- Christian Harou
- Christian Martin
- Christian Meyer
- Christian Noel
- Christian Perronne
- Christian Pommier
- Christian Richard
- Christian Rose
- Christian Roth
- Christian Zumbo
- Christiane Payen
- Christine Boisselier
- Christine Chandesris Joséphine Chapalain-Cagnon
- Christine Dussopt
- Christine Fuhrmann
- Christine Ghevaert
- Christine Lefort
- Christine Maillard
- Christine Recule
- Christine Segonds
- Christine Vaillant
- Christophe Billy
- Christophe Burucoa
- Christophe Charasse
- Christophe Clément
- Christophe Decoene
- Christophe Deschamps
- Christophe Dollon
- Christophe Fruchart
- Christophe Legendre
- Christophe Ntalu Nkato
- Christophe Ozanon
- Christophe Plane
- Christophe Poncelet
- Christophe Rioux
- Christophe Rolland
- Christophe Roussel
- Christophe Roy
- Christophe Saigne
- Christopher Payan
- Chrystelle Kemenar
- Claire Briere de la Hosseraye
- Claire Chapuzet
- Claire Daurel
- Claire Delbrouck
- Claire Dingremont
- Claire Fabre
- Claire Larible
- Claire Larroche
- Claire Lecomte
- Claire Letellier
- Claire Malbrunot
- Claire Moulinoux
- Claire Poyart
- Claire Wintenberger
- Claire-Antoinette Dupuy
- Clara Andriau
- Clara Vinci
- Clarence Eloy
- Clarisse Dupin
- Claude Aubert
- Claude Bazin
- Claude Bernard
- Claude Beuscart
- Claude Guérin
- Claude Negrier
- Claude Rémy
- Claudine Contamin
- Claudine Fèbre
- Claudine Lasbasses
- Clovis Foguem
- Colette Vincent
- Corinne Costes
- Corinne Dagada
- Corinne Haioun
- Corinne Meregnani
- Corinne Seknazi
- Cristel Fissore Magdelein
- Cristina Sirbu
- Cyrille Ede
- Cécile Bébéar
- Cécile Goujard
- Cécile Hombrouk-Alet
- Cécile Le Boterff
- Cédric Bouet
- Céline Becherrawy
- Céline Ménard
- Céline Ramanantsoa
- Damien Bouhour
- Damien Corberand
- Damien Dassant
- Damien Du Cheyron
- Damien Dupont
- Damien Fournier
- Damien Labarrière
- Damien M'Bey
- Dana Ranta
- Daniel Adoue
- Daniel Coetmeur
- Daniel Cohen
- Daniel Protar
- Daniel Re
- Daniel Royer
- Daniel Sondag
- Daniel Villers
- Daniel Vittecoq
- Daniela Pop
- Daniele Goldgran Toledano
- Danielle Clave
- David Assouline
- David Boutoille
- David Broche
- David Leysenne
- David Patin
- David Ribes
- David Rosay
- David Trystram
- de Valk
- Delphine Anuset
- Delphine Bonnet
- Delphine Bridoux
- Delphine Briend
- Delphine Chatellier
- Delphine Deligne
- Delphine Hequet
- Denis Caillot
- Denis Castaing
- Denis Grasset
- Denis Quinsat
- Denis Sautereau
- Denise Bouyssou-Destriau
- Diana Suatean
- Didier Albert
- Didier Blaise
- Didier Dreyfuss
- Didier Eyer
- Didier Hubert
- Didier Jan
- Didier Lebreton
- Didier Lemery
- Didier Lepeletier
- Didier Lepelletier
- Didier Perez
- Didier Raffenot
- Didier Raoult
- Didier Thibaud
- Didier Vincent
- Didier Viole
- Dieudonné Nicobaharaye
- Dominique Andreotti
- Dominique Astruc
- Dominique Beal Ardisson
- Dominique Bechade
- Dominique Cassignard
- Dominique Chudersky
- Dominique Courouge-Dorcier
- Dominique Dallay
- Dominique Decré
- Dominique Descamps
- Dominique Guerrot
- Dominique Hurel
- Dominique Jacomy
- Dominique Lauque
- Dominique Leduc
- Dominique Neri
- Dominique Pateron
- Dominique Perotin
- Dominique Perrotin
- Dominique Pressac
- Dominique Rohmer-Heitz
- Dominique Sansot
- Dominique Vodovar
- Dominique Zagozda
- Dragos Ciocan
- Dromer
- Ebutu Likose
- Eddy Lebas
- Edith De Clareuil
- Edouard Begon
- Edouard Devaud
- Edouard Girard
- Elena Marcu
- Elias Jabre-Sikias
- Elie Azria
- Elie Azria
- Elie Saliba
- Elie Zagdoun
- Eliette Jeanmaire
- Elinav
- Elisabeth Brottier-Mancini
- Elisabeth Carole Ngo Bell
- Elisabeth Chachaty
- Elisabeth Parisi-Duchene
- Elisabeth Walter
- Ella Dzeing
- Elodie Dubois
- Emilie Bessede
- Emilie Boidin
- Emilie Jourdes
- Emilie Piet
- Emmanuel Ardiet
- Emmanuel Forestier
- Emmanuel Gascou
- Emmanuel Grimprel
- Emmanuel Morelon
- Emmanuel Rassiat
- Emmanuel Weiss
- Emmanuelle Bille
- Emmanuelle Bonnin
- Emmanuelle Cambau
- Emmanuelle Dupre-Narlet
- Emmanuelle Heusse
- Emmanuelle Lavalard
- Enrique Casalino
- Eric Barre
- Eric Caumes
- Eric Cua
- Eric Jaunait
- Eric Josien
- Eric Jullian
- Eric Kibbrecht
- Eric Meaudre Desgouttes
- Eric Monlun
- Eric Oswald
- Eric Pichard
- Eric Placidi
- Eric Porthault
- Eric Pujade Lauraine
- Eric Sennevile
- Eric Sgro
- Eric Zaoui
- Estelle Wafo
- Etienne Auvray
- Etienne Carbonelle
- Etienne Danquechin Dorval
- Etienne Javouhey
- Etienne Laurens
- Etienne Roussel
- Etienne Ruppé
- Eugène Ngami
- Eva Weinbronn
- Evelyne Belle
- Evelyne Bourgerette
- Evelyne Lecaillon-Thibon
- Fabian Haccourt
- Fabien Dutasta
- Fabien Fily
- Fabien Garnier
- Fabien Lambiotte
- Fabien Zoulim
- Fabienne Jouatte
- Fabienne Lorge
- Fabienne Tamion
- Fabienne Tamion
- Fabrice Chaix
- Fabrice Hayoun
- Fabrice Larrazet
- Fabrice Lesage
- Fabrice Mihout
- Fabrice Petassou
- Fabrice Pierre
- Fabrice Prévost
- Faiza Benddif-Fin
- Fanny Autret
- Fanny Buron
- Fanny Lemercier
- Fanny Vuotto
- Faraj Al Freijat
- Farid Sifaoui
- Fatma Magdoud
- Ferdinand Savare
- Fernanda Farto-Bensasson
- Fethi Radhouane-Khanjari
- Fethi Taleb
- Firouzé Bani-Sadr
- Flore Bouche
- Florence Cardot
- Florence Courillon
- Florence Doucet Populaire
- Florence Eboue
- Florence Lachenal
- Florence Martin
- Florence N'guyen-Khac
- Florence Richardin
- Florence Rousseau
- Florence Soraudeau
- Florence Van de Velde
- Florent Masia
- Florian Radenac
- Fouzia Radaoui
- France Roblot
- Francis Barraud
- Francis Carcenac
- Francis Duchene
- Francis Schneider
- Francis Thuet
- Franck Bernardi
- Franck Ceppa
- Franck Charlier
- Franck Desemerie
- Franck Leibinger
- Franck Lellouche
- Franck Zerbib
- Françis Vallet
- François Barbier
- François Barière
- François Bernasconi
- François Blot
- François Boue
- François Bricaire
- François Brosset
- François Bénézit
- François Caron
- François Cavalié
- François Devianne
- François Fourrier
- François Goehringer
- François Goffinet
- François Golfier
- François Goupil
- François Gouraud
- François Guichart
- François Guillemot
- François Guinet
- François Le Baron
- François Maillet
- François Maillot
- François Pettinelli
- François Raffi
- François Schmitt
- François Simon
- François Vandenesch
- François-Xavier Caroli-Bosc
- Françoise Bandaly
- Françoise Brevet
- Françoise Carmagnol
- Françoise Cotes
- Françoise Delisle Mizon
- Françoise Duluc
- Françoise Evreux
- Françoise Geffroy
- Françoise Granier
- Françoise Le Turdu
- Françoise Loison
- Françoise Léonetti
- Françoise Poitevin
- Françoise Rigaux
- Freddy Thibaut
- Frederique Canis
- Fréderic Bart
- Fréderic Heluwaert
- Frédéric Faibis
- Frédéric Klapczynski
- Frédéric Laurent
- Frédéric Mechai
- Frédéric Renou
- Frédéric Riehl
- Frédérique Costa
- Frédérique Nathan-Bonnet
- Frédérique Péchinot
- Gabriel Choukroun
- Gael Cinquetti
- Gaelle Dorr
- Gary David
- Gaëlle Baty
- Geneviève Barjon
- Geneviève Blanchard-Marche
- Geneviève Grise
- Geneviève Julienne
- Geneviève Le Lay
- Georges Kaltenbach
- Georges Mourad
- Georges Pinon
- Georges Simon
- Georges-Fabrice Blum
- Gerard Viquesnel
- Gerner-Smidt
- Ghada Hatem
- Ghislaine Gardes
- Ghislaine Lamoine-Gimet
- Gilbert Pochmalicki
- Gilles Bernardin
- Gilles Berthelot
- Gilles Blaison
- Gilles Cambonie
- Gilles Capellier
- Gilles Dassieu
- Gilles Hilbert
- Gilles Hittinger
- Gilles Le Maout
- Gilles Pialoux
- Gilles Rival
- Gilles Salama
- Gilles Salles
- Gillles Plainfosse
- Girard
- Gisèle Dewulf
- Gisèle Renard
- Goulet
- Gregory Taurin
- Grégory Akerman
- Guenaelle Salaun-Beretta
- Guenièvre Imbert
- Guevara
- Guillaume Arlet
- Guillaume Cadiot
- Guillaume Cartron
- Guillaume Louart
- Guillaume Ranchon
- Guillermo Reyes Ortega
- Guilène Barnaud
- Guy Chambreuil
- Guy Gengembre
- Guy Mager
- Guy Semet
- Guy Vernet
- Guyro Jang
- Gwenaelle Vary
- Gwenaël Alfonsi
- Géraldine Mascade
- Gérard Barthélémy
- Gérard Bouchet
- Gérard Lina
- Gérard Oliviero
- Gérard Poulain
- Habiboulaye Diallo
- Hacene Fezoui
- Hakim Amroun
- Hakim Kherouf
- Hakima Nesrine
- Hama Djerad
- Hana Talabani-Boizot
- Hanen Chahtour
- Hanna Eid
- Hasinrina Razafimahefa
- Hassan Fallouh
- Hassen Jeddi
- Hassène Rahmani
- Hecham Moussa
- Henri Bérard
- Henri Courtade
- Henri Demontclos
- Henri Osman
- Henri Robert
- Henriette de Valk
- Henry Jardel
- Hervé Gentilhomme
- Hervé Jacquier
- Hervé Lécuyer
- Hervé Métenier
- Hervé Peltier
- Hoang Vu-Thien
- Hof
- Hubert De Boysson
- Hugues Aumaitre
- Huguette Negrery
- Hyacine Rey
- Hélinoro Andriamaneo
- Hélène Albinet
- Hélène Anglaret
- Hélène Biessy
- Hélène Bracq Dieye
- Hélène Brihier
- Hélène Chaussade
- Hélène Corneloup
- Hélène Delaby
- Hélène Dumouchel
- Hélène Durox
- Hélène Fiette
- Hélène Garrec
- Hélène Gatti
- Hélène Jean-Pierre
- Hélène Lefranc
- Hélène Leroy
- Hélène Poupet
- Hélène Sokeng-Affoule
- Hélène Zanaldi
- Ibrahim Farah
- Ilhem Agha-Mir
- Imad Kansau
- Ingrid Croquet
- Ingrid Lafon
- Isabelle Arnault
- Isabelle Barazer
- Isabelle Barillot
- Isabelle Citony
- Isabelle Fredenucci
- Isabelle Girard-Buttaz
- Isabelle Glorieux
- Isabelle Goidin
- Isabelle Grawey
- Isabelle Guichard
- Isabelle Labourdette
- Isabelle Lavenu
- Isabelle Legoff
- Isabelle Loury-Lariviere
- Isabelle Mahé
- Isabelle Marterl-Lafay
- Isabelle Matheron
- Isabelle Patry
- Isabelle Plantier
- Isabelle Ronda
- Isabelle Rouquette-Vincent
- Isabelle Worcel
- Jacob Xavier
- Jacques Bor
- Jacques Breuil
- Jacques Bronner
- Jacques Croize
- Jacques Daleas
- Jacques Deschamps
- Jacques Gasnault
- Jacques Markarian
- Jacques Minet
- Jacques Monsegu
- Jacques Piquet
- Jacques Reynes
- Jacques Riahi
- Jacques Tankovic
- Jacques Tebib
- Jacques Thierry
- Jacques Vaucel
- Jacques-Arnaud Seyrig
- Jacques-Olivier Bay
- Janine Frey
- Jany Rey Zermati
- Jean Armengaud
- Jean Auroux
- Jean Baptiste Michot
- Jean Berthet
- Jean Beytout
- Jean Cabalion
- Jean Catineau
- Jean Caussin
- Jean Claude Boufetteau
- Jean Louis Salomon
- Jean Nakhleh
- Jean Puyhardy
- Jean Thore
- Jean-Baptiste Gaulthier
- Jean-Baptiste Roseau
- Jean-Bernard Mariette
- Jean-Charles Picaud
- Jean-Christian Roussel
- Jean-Christophe Dengo
- Jean-Christophe Dubus
- Jean-Christophe Paquet
- Jean-Christophe Roze
- Jean-Christophe Souquet
- Jean-Claude Colombani
- Jean-Claude Dausset
- Jean-Claude Feugier
- Jean-Claude Mouries
- Jean-Claude N'guyen
- Jean-Claude Reveil
- Jean-Claude Semet
- Jean-Claude Texier
- Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Jean-Didier Grange
- Jean-Emmanuel Kurtz
- Jean-François Bergmann
- Jean-François Bergmann
- Jean-François Dessin
- Jean-François Gaide
- Jean-François Gattault
- Jean-François Loriferne
- Jean-François Magny
- Jean-François Muir
- Jean-François Schved
- Jean-François Subra
- Jean-Gabriel Paul
- Jean-Gilles Delecalle
- Jean-Jacques Grelaud
- Jean-Jacques Maillet
- Jean-Louis Benifla
- Jean-Louis Gaillard
- Jean-Louis Jacob
- Jean-Louis Pourriat
- Jean-Loup Pennaforte
- Jean-Luc Baudel
- Jean-Luc Bouyer
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- Suzanne Lima
- Sylvain Diamantis
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- Sylvain Mermont
- Sylvaine Rousseau
- Sylvestre Tigaud
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- Sylvie Carette
- Sylvie Cariou
- Sylvie Charachon
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- Sylvie Goffart
- Sylvie Lechat
- Sylvie Ledru
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- Sylvie Odent
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- Sylvène Rosselli
- Sébastien Beague
- Sébastien Lamache
- Sébastien Maillez
- Sébastien Rouget
- Sébastien Sabbat
- Sébastien Trouiller
- Séverine Visentin
- Tahar Hadou
- Tahar Saghi
- Tali-Anne Szwebel
- Taoufik Merabet
- Tarik Naceur
- Tawfiq Henni
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- Thierry André
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- Thierry May
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- Thierry Pasdeloup
- Thierry Prazuck
- Thierry Samson
- Thierry Weitten
- Thierry-Pascal Zame
- Thomas Bachelot Philippe Badia
- Thomas Bourrée
- Thomas Guimard
- Thomas Kaiser
- Thomas Signouret
- Thomas Similowski
- Théophile Magna
- Tiphaine Gaillart
- Toufik Feddal
- Tristan Ferry
- Tsouria Becaid
- Tu Anh Tran
- Tunkel
- Umberto Siméoni
- Valerie Gaborieau
- Valerie Pesque
- Valérie Crombe
- Valérie Dattin-Dorrière
- Valérie Gauduchon
- Valérie Le Goff
- Valérie Macci
- Valérie Martinez
- Valérie Murbach
- Valérie Rabier
- Valérie Revel
- Valérie Sivadon-Tardy
- Valérie Zeller
- van de Beek
- Vanessa Tran
- Victoria Cacheux
- Vincent Bouden
- Vincent Brunot
- Vincent Cadiergue
- Vincent Caille
- Vincent Cailleaux Pierre-Etienne Cailleux
- Vincent Cattoir
- Vincent Estève
- Vincent Gendrin
- Vincent Grobost
- Vincent Jarlier
- Vincent Leroy
- Vincent Letouzey
- Vincent Loffeier
- Vincent Maze
- Vincent Pestre
- Vincent Piriou
- Vincent Quentin
- Vincent Zerr
- Violaine Bresson
- Viorica Badurescu
- Virginie Leguen
- Virginie Medeau
- Virginie Mignaut
- Virginie Morando
- Virginie Verrier
- Virginie Zarrouk
- von Elm
- Véronique Annaix
- Véronique Blanc-Amrane
- Véronique Boin-Gay
- Véronique Chassy
- Véronique Duval
- Véronique Equy
- Véronique Goulet
- Véronique Jault
- Véronique Leblond
- Véronique Leflon
- Véronique Loustaud
- Véronique Tardy
- Véronique Vernet Garnier
- Véronique Vialette
- Wassila Anteur
- Wladimir Chelle
- Xavier Adhoute
- Xavier Brunet
- Xavier Heches
- Xavier Martin
- Xavier Nassif
- Xavier Roubert
- Xavier Tchenio
- Xavier Valette
- Yacine Benkaci
- Yacine Merrouche
- Yacine Sedjelmaci
- Yann Leveneur
- Yanne Henry-Andrieu
- Yannick Chevalier
- Yannick Costa
- Yannick Monceau
- Yannick Rouquet
- Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Yoar Hichri
- Yohann N'guyen
- Youssef Ali
- Yvan Gauthier
- Yvan Touze
- Yvan Vaschalde
- Yves Aubard
- Yves Bléher
- Yves Botreau
- Yves Devaux
- Yves Domart
- Yves Garcera
- Yves Guénard
- Yves Morel
- Yves Poinsignon
- Yves Péan
- Yves Regouby
- Yves Sucin
- Yves Thomas
- Yves Ville
- Yves Welker
- Yvon Berland
- Zahir Amoura
- Zahr-Eddine Ali Chaouche
- Zaineb Bekguesmia
- Zakaria Hamitou
- Ziad Assaf
- Zoubida Elharie-Heraux
- Élodie Perrodeau
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
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- Tsubata Takeshi
- Tsung Allan
- Turk Boris
- Turner Lorianne S.
- Tyagi Suresh C.
- Tönges Lars
- Uchiyama Yasuo
- Ueno Takashi
- Umekawa Midori
- Umemiya-Shirafuji Rika
- Unni Vivek K.
- Vaccaro Maria I.
- Valente Enza Maria
- Van den Berghe Greet
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- van Egmond Marjolein
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- Vila Miquel
- Vindis Cécile
- Viola Giampietro
- Viscomi Maria Teresa
- Voitsekhovskaja Olga V.
- von Haefen Clarissa
- Votruba Marcela
- Wada Keiji
- Wade-Martins Richard
- Walker Cheryl L.
- Walsh Craig M.
- Walter Jochen
- Wan Xiang-Bo
- Wang Aimin
- Wang Chenguang
- Wang Dawei
- Wang Fan
- Wang Guanghui
- Wang Haichao
- Wang Hong-Gang
- Wang Horng-Dar
- Wang Jin
- Wang Ke
- Wang Mei
- Wang Richard C.
- Wang Xinglong
- Wang Xiujie J.
- Wang Ying-Jan
- Wang Yipeng
- Wang Zhen-Bo
- Wang Zhigang Charles
- Wang Zhinong
- Wansink Derick G.
- Ward Diane M.
- Watada Hirotaka
- Waters Sarah L.
- Webster Paul
- Wei Lixin
- Weihl Conrad C.
- Weiss William A
- Welford Scott M.
- Wen Long-Ping
- Whitehouse Caroline A.
- Whitton J. Lindsay
- Whitworth Alexander J.
- Wileman Tom
- Wiley John W.
- Wilkinson Simon
- Willbold Dieter
- Williams Roger L.
- Williamson Peter R.
- Wouters Bradly G.
- Wu Chenghan
- Wu Dao-Cheng
- Wu William K.K.
- Wyttenbach Andreas
- Xavier Ramnik J.
- Xi Zhijun
- Xia Pu
- Xiao Gengfu
- Xie Zhiping
- Xie Zhonglin
- Xu Da-zhi
- Xu Jianzhen
- Xu Liang
- Xu Xiaolei
- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun-Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin-Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng-Chao
- Yao Tso-Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei-Lien
- Yin Jia-jing
- Yin Xiao-Ming
- Yoo Ook-Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung-Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong-Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi-Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol-Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh III Herbert J.
- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui-Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Jue
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming-Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi-Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
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- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
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- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E.
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen E.
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L.
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- Egea Gustavo
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- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
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- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E.
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C.
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
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- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A.
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- Flajolet Marc
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- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
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- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G.
- Gao Fen-Biao
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- Garcia Lorena
- Garcia-Manero Guillermo
- Garcia-Marcos Mikel
- Garmyn Marjan
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- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R.
- Gegg Matthew E.
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E.
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M.
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N.
- Gibson Spencer B.
- Gilkerson Robert W.
- Ginger Michael L.
- Ginsberg Henry N.
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S.
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora Céline
- Gonzalez Claudio D.
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gonzalez-Rey Elena
- González-Estévez Cristina
- González-Polo Rosa Ana
- Gorbunov Nikolai V.
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
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- Gregorc Ales
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- Gukovskaya Anna S.
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- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Åsa B.
- Halayko Andrew J.
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- Halonen Sandra K.
- Hamasaki Maho
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- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
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- Hardt Stefan E.
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L.
- Harris James
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- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A.
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- Hazelhurst Lori A.
- He Congcong
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- Heidenreich Kim A.
- Helfrich Miep H.
- Helgason Gudmundur V.
- Henske Elizabeth P.
- Herman Brian
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- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J.
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G.
- Holyoake Tessa L.
- Hong Ming-Huang
- Hood David A.
- Hotamisligil Gökhan S.
- Houwerzijl Ewout J.
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien-an A.
- Hu Hong-Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei-Pang
- Huber Tobias B.
- Huh Won-Ki
- Hung Tai-Ho
- Hupp Ted R.
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B.
- Hussain Sabah N.A.
- Hussey Patrick J.
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- Hébert Marie-Josée
- Höhfeld Jörg
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- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
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- Ip Nancy Y.
- Isaka Yoshitaka
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- Isobe Ken-ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
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- Jackson George R.
- Jackson William T.
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju-Hong
- Jeung Eui-Bae
- Jiang Hong
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- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiménez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan V.
- Joe Cheol O.
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E.
- Johnson Gail V.W.
- Jones Nicola L.
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K.
- Joubert Annie M.
- Juhász Gábor
- Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong-Keun
- Jäättelä Marja
- Kaarniranta Kai
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- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O.
- Kampinga Harm H.
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
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- Kanki Tomotake
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- Mizushima Noboru
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- Nair Usha
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- Sánchez-Alcázar José A.
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- Tomino Yasuhiko
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- Viscomi Maria Teresa
- Voitsekhovskaja Olga V.
- von Haefen Clarissa
- Votruba Marcela
- Wada Keiji
- Wade-Martins Richard
- Walker Cheryl L.
- Walsh Craig M.
- Walter Jochen
- Wan Xiang-Bo
- Wang Aimin
- Wang Chenguang
- Wang Dawei
- Wang Fan
- Wang Guanghui
- Wang Haichao
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- Wang Jin
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- Wang Mei
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- Yoshikawa Yuko
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- You Ho Jin
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- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong-Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi-Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol-Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh III Herbert J.
- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui-Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Jue
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming-Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi-Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait Si Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al Younes Hesham M
- Al Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y. O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- B\ue1nhegyi G\ue1bor
- B\ue9chet Daniel M
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T. W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro S\ue9bastien
- Bhatia Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Bourquin Jean Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer Guittaut Micha\uebl
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- BRANCOLINI Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahov\ue1 Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A. M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han Jung
- Chai Chee Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen Chung
- Che Chi Ming
- Chen Ching Chow
- Chen Guang Chao
- Chen Guo Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S. L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H. K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih Shen
- Chiou Shih Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong Hyung
- Choi Augustine M. K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung Hsien
- Chueh Sheau Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong Joon
- Chye Mee Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S. B
- Clarke Peter G. H
- Clarke Robert
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo Mar\ueda I
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo Jos\ue9 L
- Cronj\ue9 Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J
- Czaja Mark J
- D'Amelio Marcello
- D\uedaz Araya Guillermo
- D\uedaz Laviada In\ue9s
- Darfeuille Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A. M
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M. D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel J\uf6rn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz Meco Maria T
- Diaz Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh Kumar Savithramma P
- Ding Wen Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marl\ue8ne
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Edelstein Charles L
- Edinger Aimee L
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El Deiry Wafik S
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- F\ue9s\ufcs L\ue1szl\uf3
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farr\ue9 Jean Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes Jos\ue9 M
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Fen Biao
- Gao George F
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Manero Guillermo
- Garcia Marcos Mikel
- Garcia Lorena
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N
- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
- Ginger Michael L
- Ginsberg Henry N
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora C\ue9line
- Gonz\ue1lez Est\ue9vez Cristina
- Gonz\ue1lez Polo Rosa Ana
- Gonzalez Rey Elena
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Ale\u161
- Gros Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun Lin
- Guan Kun Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M
- Gukovskaya Anna S
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Asa B
- H\ue9bert Marie Jose\ue9
- H\uf6hfeld J\uf6rg
- H\uf8yer Hansen Maria
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A
- Helfrich Miep H
- Helgason Gudmundur V
- Henske Elizabeth P
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G
- Holyoake Tessa L
- Hong Ming Huang
- Hood David A
- Hotamisligil G\uf6khan S
- Houwerzijl Ewout J
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien An A
- Hu Hong Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei Pang
- Huber Tobias B
- Huh Won Ki
- Hung Tai Ho
- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N. A
- Hussey Patrick J
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 Marja
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
- Jackson William T
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju Hong
- Jeung Eui Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jim\ue9nez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E
- Johnson Gail V. W
- Jones Nicola L
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K
- Joubert Annie M
- Juh\ue1sz G\ue1bor
- Juillerat Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong Keun
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kagedal Katarina
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O
- Kampinga Harm H
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon A
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- Kominami Eiki
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- Kov\ue1cs Attila L
- Kr\ue4mer Helmut
- Kr\ufcger Rejko
- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
- Kretz Remy Carole
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- Kroemer Guido
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- Ktistakis Nicholas T
- Kuan Chia Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
- Kumar Raj
- Kumar Sharad
- Kundu Mondira
- Kung Hsing Jien
- Kurz Tino
- Kwon Ho Jeong
- L\u151w Peter
- L\ue1szl\uf3 Lajos
- L\uf3pez Ot\uedn Carlos
- La Spada Albert R
- Lafont Frank
- Lamark Trond
- Landry Jacques
- Lane Jon D
- Lapaquette Pierre
- Laporte Jocelyn F
- Lavandero Sergio
- Lavoie Jos\ue9e N
- Layfield Robert
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- Le Weidong
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- Lee Byung Wan
- Lee Gyun Min
- Lee Jongdae
- Lee Ju Hyun
- Lee Michael
- Lee Myung Shik
- Lee Sug Hyung
- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
- Lehmann Michael
- Lei Huan Yao
- Lei Qun Ying
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- Leiro Jos\ue9
- Lemasters John J
- Lemoine Antoinette
- Lesniak Maciej S
- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun Lin
- Li Lian
- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
- Li Xue Jun
- Li Yan bo
- Li Yi Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung Feng
- Liberski Pawel P
- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J
- Lim Kah Leong
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- Lin Fu Cheng
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- Lonial Sagar
- Loos Benjamin
- Lopez Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
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- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
- Lu Bo
- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Lukacs Nicholas W
- Lund Anders H
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- Nagata Eiichiro
- Nagata Kazuhiro
- Nahimana Aimable
- Nair Usha
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- Sch\ufcller Christoph
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- Stendel Ruediger
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- Stephanou Anastasis
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- Sternberg Cinthya
- Stork Bj\uf6rn
- Str\ue5lfors Peter
- Subauste Carlos S
- Sui Xinbing
- Sulzer David
- Sun Jiaren
- Sun Shi Yong
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- Sung Joseph J. Y
- Suzuki Kuninori
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- Swanton Charles
- Sweeney Sean T
- Sy Lai King
- Szabadkai Gyorgy
- T\uf6nges Lars
- Tabas Ira
- Taegtmeyer Heinrich
- Tafani Marco
- Tak\ue1cs Vellai Krisztina
- Takano Yoshitaka
- Takegawa Kaoru
- Takemura Genzou
- Takeshita Fumihiko
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- Tan Kevin S. W
- Tanaka Keiji
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- Viscomi Maria Teresa
- Voitsekhovskaja Olga V
- von Haefen Clarissa
- Votruba Marcela
- Wada Keiji
- Wade Martins Richard
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- Walter Jochen
- Wan Xiang Bo
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- Wang Chenguang
- Wang Dawei
- Wang Fan
- Wang Fen
- Wang Guanghui
- Wang Haichao
- Wang Hong Gang
- Wang Horng Dar
- Wang Jin
- Wang Ke
- Wang Mei
- Wang Richard C
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- Wyttenbach Andreas
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- Xi Zhijun
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- Xu Da zhi
- Xu Jianzhen
- Xu Liang
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- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng Chao
- Yao Tso Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei Lien
- Yin Jia jing
- Yin Xiao Ming
- Yoo Ook Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh Herbert J
- Zeitlin Scott O
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing Pu
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei Guo
- Zhu Xiao Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke J\ufcrgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdelhaq Rami
- Abhinav Diwan
- Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
- Adalberto Merighi
- Adi Kimchi
- Adrian L. Harris
- Agnieszka Sirko
- Ahlberg J
- Ai Yamamoto
- Aimable Nahimana
- Aimee L. Edinger
- Aimin Wang
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Akio Kihara
- Akitsugu Yamamoto
- Aksam EB
- Alan Cheng
- Albert R. La Spada
- Alberto Jiménez
- Alec C. Kimmelman
- Ales Gregorc
- Alessandro Fanzani
- Alexander J. Whitworth
- Alexandra N. Giatromanolaki
- Alexandru Almasan
- Alexei Degterev
- Alexei Terman
- Alfred J. Meijer
- Alicia Meléndez
- Alison Simmons
- Allan B. Caplan
- Allan Tsung
- Allen Kaasik
- Alvin J.X. Lee
- Amal O. Amer
- Amber N. Hale
- Ameeta Kelekar
- Amy A. Kiger
- Ana Brennand
- Ana Coto-Montes
- Ana Maria Cuervo
- Ana Milojkovic
- Anas Younes
- Anastasis Stephanou
- Anders H. Lund
- Andrea Ballabio
- Andreas Brech
- Andreas Mayer
- Andreas S. Reichert
- Andreas Wyttenbach
- Andrei L. Gartel
- Andrew J. Halayko
- Andrew Lieberman
- Andrew Thorburn
- Andriy A. Sibirny
- Andriy Nemchenko
- Angelika A. Noegel
- Angelo De Milito
- Angelo Poletti
- Anil K. Sood
- Anil Prasad
- Ann Progulske-Fox
- Anna Katharina Simon
- Anna M. Giammarioli
- Anna M. Krichevsky
- Anna Nogalska
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Anne Régnier-Vigouroux
- Anne Simonsen
- Annie M. Joubert
- Anthony H.V. Schapira
- Anthony M.J. Sanchez
- Antoinette Lemoine
- Antonio Musarò
- Antonio Piras
- Antonio Zorzano
- Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud
- Arthi Kanthasamy
- Ashok Kumar
- Assaf Rudich
- Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Atsuo Amano
- Attila L. Kovács
- Audrey Esclatine
- Augustine M.K. Choi
- Ausra Sasnauskiene
- Aviva M. Tolkovsky
- Baharia Mograbi
- Bakhos A. Tannous
- Barry Ganetzky
- Bassam Janji
- Beat C. Bornhauser
- Beat Nyfeler
- Beata Sikorska
- Behzad Yeganeh
- Ben A. Bahr
- Ben C.B. Ko
- Benjamin Dehay
- Benjamin Loos
- Berger B
- Bertrand Joseph
- Bertrand Mollereau
- Beth Levine
- BethAnn McLaughlin
- Biederbick A
- Binfeng Lu
- Bingren Hu
- Bingwei Lu
- Biolo G
- Birmingham CL
- Birmingham CL
- Björn Stork
- Bjørkøy G
- Bo Liu
- Bo Lu
- Boon-Huat Bay
- Boris Turk
- Boris Zhivotovsky
- Bradly G. Wouters
- Brian Herman
- Brian P. Rubin
- Brian Zuckerbraun
- Brigitte Galliot
- Brinda Ravikumar
- Brown CR
- Bruce A. Bamber
- Bruce H. Reed
- Bruno Calabretta
- Bryan Bellaire
- Bulent Ozpolat
- Byung-Wan Lee
- Bärbel Rohrer
- Bélanger M
- Cam Patterson
- Camilla Palumbo
- Camille Martinand-Mari
- Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Canhua Huang
- Cantino D
- Carine Michiels
- Carl G. Feng
- Carlos López-Otín
- Carlos S. Subauste
- Carmine Settembre
- Carol A. Mercer
- Carole Kretz-Remy
- Caroline A. Whitehouse
- Catherine McDermott
- Cathleen R. Carlin
- Cathy Tournier
- Caty Casas
- Chan EY
- Chang Hwa Jung
- Changlian Zhu
- Chanhee Kang
- Chao-Yu Miao
- Charbel E.-H. Moussa
- Charleen T. Chu
- Charles Grose
- Charles L. Edelstein
- Charles Swanton
- Chee-Yin Chai
- Chenghan Wu
- Chenguang Wang
- Chengyu Liang
- Cheol O. Joe
- Cheol-Heui Yun
- Chera S
- Cheryl L. Walker
- Chi Hin Cho
- Chi-Ming Che
- Chia-Yi Kuan
- Chiara Di Pietro
- Chien-an A. Hu
- Chihiro Sasakawa
- Ching-Chow Chen
- Chiou-Feng Lin
- Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Christian Behl
- Christian Behrends
- Christian G. Meyer
- Christian Münz
- Christian Poüs
- Christian Sell
- Christine McDonald
- Christoph Schüller
- Christopher H.K. Cheng
- Christopher J. Rhodes
- Christopher R. McMaster
- Chun-Feng Liu
- Chun-Nam Lok
- Chwen-Ming Shih
- Ciechomska IA
- Cindy K. Miranti
- Cinthya Sternberg
- Ciro Isidoro
- Clarissa von Haefen
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- Tianhong Pan
- Tibor Vellai
- Timothy F. Osborne
- Timothy J. Kinsella
- Ting Han
- Ting-Fen Tsai
- Tino Kurz
- Tobias B. Huber
- Tom Wileman
- Tomasz Motyl
- Tomohiro Kabuta
- Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Tomoki Chiba
- Tomotake Kanki
- Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Tor Erik Rusten
- Toren Finkel
- Toshihiko Suzuki
- Toshiyuki Nakagawa
- Toya Ohashi
- Toyooka K
- Trond Lamark
- Tso-Pang Yao
- Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Tuck Wah Soong
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- Tóth S
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- Ugo Pagnini
- Ulf T. Brunk
- Uma Sankar
- Usha Nair
- V. Ashutosh Rao
- Valentina Iovane
- Valerie Askanas
- Valérie Pierrefite-Carle
- Vassiliki Karantza
- Vellareddy Anantharam
- Venerando R
- Vergne I
- Victor Dosenko
- Victor V. Levenson
- Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Viktor I. Korolchuk
- Vinay Choubey
- Vincent Galy
- Vincenzo De Tata
- Virginia Espina
- Virginie Carmignac
- Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy
- Vivek K. Unni
- Vladimir Kirkin
- Vladimir P. Skulachev
- Vladimir Trajkovic
- Vojo Deretic
- Vojtech Skop
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- vom Dahl S
- von Haefen C
- Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Wai Haung Yu
- Walter Balduini
- Walter Malorni
- Walter T. Klimecki
- Wan-Wan Lin
- Wanda Buzgariu
- Wannian Yang
- Weber SM
- Webster P
- Weei-Chin Lin
- Wei Liu
- Wei Y
- Wei Yuan Yang
- Wei-Chiang Shen
- Wei-Guo Zhu
- Wei-Jia Kong
- Wei-Lien Yen
- Wei-Pang Huang
- Wei-Xing Zong
- Weidong Le
- Weijie Li
- Wen-Xing Ding
- WenLi Chen
- Wiep Scheper
- Wilfried Bursch
- William A. Weiss
- William K.K. Wu
- William T. Jackson
- Wim Martinet
- Wim P. Vandenberghe
- Winter G
- Wolfdieter Springer
- Won-Ki Huh
- Wouter G. van Doorn
- Xavier Molero
- Xi Chen
- Xiang Mao
- Xiang-Bo Wan
- Xianghua Yan
- Xiangmei Chen
- Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Xiao-Ming Yin
- Xiaolei Xu
- Xiaoning Bi
- Xiaoxiang Zheng
- Xiequn Chen
- Xinbing Sui
- Xinglong Wang
- Xiongwei Zhu
- Xiujie J. Wang
- Xu Dong Zhang
- Xue-Jun Li
- Xue-Yuan Bai
- Xuejun Jiang
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- Xueqin Song
- Ya Hua
- Yaichiro Kotake
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- Yasuhiko Tomino
- Yasuo Uchiyama
- Yasuyoshi Sakai
- Ye-Guang Chen
- Yi Zhen Deng
- Yi-Fang Zhao
- Yi-Ling Lin
- Yi-Ping Li
- Ying Zhao
- Ying-Jan Wang
- Yingyu Chen
- Yipeng Wang
- Yohta Shimada
- Yokota S
- Yong Ma
- Yong-Joon Chwae
- Yong-Keun Jung
- Yong-Sun Kim
- Yonghyun Kim
- Yongqi Fang
- Yongqiang Chen
- Yoon-A Kang
- Yoshiaki Kamada
- Yoshihiro Shidoji
- Yoshimori T
- Yoshimura K
- Yoshinori Kawazoe
- Yoshitaka Isaka
- Yoshitaka Takano
- Yotaro Izumi
- You-Wen He
- Youji Feng
- Young Ho Koh
- Young-Chau Liu
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Yuan Tian
- Yuangang Zhu
- Yuji Moriyasu
- Yuko Yoshikawa
- Yule Liu
- Yung-Feng Liao
- Yves L. Marcel
- Zahra Zakeri
- Zelda H. Cheung
- Zhang H
- Zhen Fan
- Zhen Lu
- Zhen-Bo Wang
- Zheng Dong
- Zheng-Hong Qin
- Zhenyu Yue
- Zhi-Jun Sun
- Zhi-Min Yuan
- Zhifen Yang
- Zhigang Charles Wang
- Zhijun Xi
- Zhinong Wang
- Zhiping Xie
- Zhixiang Chen
- Zhizhuang J. Zhao
- Zhonglin Xie
- Zhou G
- Zhu H
- Zixu Mao
- Zu-Hang Sheng
- Zuzana Papackova
- Zvulun Elazar
- Åsa B. Gustafsson
- Øverbye A
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M
- Al-Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Bánhegyi Gábor
- Béchet Daniel M
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S-L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine M K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S B
- Clarke Peter G H
- Clarke Robert
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo María I
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo José L
- Cronjé Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J
- Czaja Mark J
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A M
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L
- Edinger Aimee L
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farré Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez-McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes José M
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Fen-Biao
- Gao George F
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Lorena
- Garcia-Manero Guillermo
- Garcia-Marcos Mikel
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N
- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
- Ginger Michael L
- Ginsberg Henry N
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora Céline
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gonzalez-Rey Elena
- González-Estévez Cristina
- González-Polo Rosa Ana
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Aleš
- Gros Frédéric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun-Lin
- Guan Kun-Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M
- Gukovskaya Anna S
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Asa B
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E
- Harper J Wade
- Harris Adrian L
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin-ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You-Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A
- Helfrich Miep H
- Helgason Gudmundur V
- Henske Elizabeth P
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G
- Holyoake Tessa L
- Hong Ming-Huang
- Hood David A
- Hotamisligil Gökhan S
- Houwerzijl Ewout J
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien-An A
- Hu Hong-Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei-Pang
- Huber Tobias B
- Huh Won-Ki
- Hung Tai-Ho
- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N A
- Hussey Patrick J
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Hébert Marie-Joseé
- Höhfeld Jörg
- Høyer-Hansen Maria
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken-ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
- Jackson William T
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju-Hong
- Jeung Eui-Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiménez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E
- Johnson Gail V W
- Jones Nicola L
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K
- Joubert Annie M
- Juhász Gábor
- Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong-Keun
- Jäättelä Marja
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kagedal Katarina
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O
- Kampinga Harm H
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon-A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
- Kaushal Gur P
- Kaushik Susmita
- Kawazoe Yoshinori
- Ke Po-Yuan
- Kehrl John H
- Kelekar Ameeta
- Kerkhoff Claus
- Kessel David H
- Khalil Hany
- Kiel Jan A K W
- Kiger Amy A
- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do-Hyung
- Kim Dong-Hou
- Kim Eun-Kyoung
- Kim Hyung-Ryong
- Kim Jae-Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
- Kim John K
- Kim Peter K
- Kim Seong Who
- Kim Yong-Sun
- Kim Yonghyun
- Kimchi Adi
- Kimmelman Alec C
- King Jason S
- Kinsella Timothy J
- Kirkin Vladimir
- Kirshenbaum Lorrie A
- Kitamoto Katsuhiko
- Kitazato Kaio
- Klein Ludger
- Klimecki Walter T
- Klionsky Daniel J
- Klucken Jochen
- Knecht Erwin
- Ko Ben C B
- Koch Jan C
- Koga Hiroshi
- Koh Jae-Young
- Koh Young Ho
- Koike Masato
- Komatsu Masaaki
- Kominami Eiki
- Kong Hee Jeong
- Kong Wei-Jia
- Korolchuk Viktor I
- Kotake Yaichiro
- Koukourakis Michael I
- Kouri Flores Juan B
- Kovács Attila L
- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
- Kretz-Remy Carole
- Krichevsky Anna M
- Kroemer Guido
- Krut Oleg
- Krämer Helmut
- Krüger Rejko
- Ktistakis Nicholas T
- Kuan Chia-Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
- Kumar Raj
- Kumar Sharad
- Kundu Mondira
- Kung Hsing-Jien
- Kurz Tino
- Kwon Ho Jeong
- La Spada Albert R
- Lafont Frank
- Lamark Trond
- Landry Jacques
- Lane Jon D
- Lapaquette Pierre
- Laporte Jocelyn F
- Lavandero Sergio
- Lavoie Josée N
- Layfield Robert
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- Le Cam Laurent
- Le Weidong
- Ledbetter Daniel J
- Lee Alvin J X
- Lee Byung-Wan
- Lee Gyun Min
- Lee Jongdae
- Lee Ju-Hyun
- Lee Michael
- Lee Myung-Shik
- Lee Sug Hyung
- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
- Lehmann Michael
- Lei Huan-Yao
- Lei Qun-Ying
- Leib David A
- Leiro José
- Lemasters John J
- Lemoine Antoinette
- Lesniak Maciej S
- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun-Lin
- Li Lian
- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
- Li Xue-Jun
- Li Yan-bo
- Li Yi-Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung-Feng
- Liberski Pawel P
- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J
- Lim Kah-Leong
- Lim Kyu
- Lin Chiou-Feng
- Lin Fu-Cheng
- Lin Jian
- Lin Jiandie D
- Lin Kui
- Lin Wan-Wan
- Lin Weei-Chin
- Lin Yi-Ling
- Linden Rafael
- Lingor Paul
- Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer
- Lisanti Michael P
- Liton Paloma B
- Liu Bo
- Liu Chun-Feng
- Liu Kaiyu
- Liu Leyuan
- Liu Qiong A
- Liu Wei
- Liu Young-Chau
- Liu Yule
- Lockshin Richard A
- Lok Chun-Nam
- Lonial Sagar
- Loos Benjamin
- Lopez-Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
- Lotze Michael T
- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
- Lu Bo
- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Frédéric
- Lukacs Nicholas W
- Lund Anders H
- Lynch-Day Melinda A
- László Lajos
- López-Otín Carlos
- Lőw Peter
- Ma Yong
- Macian Fernando
- Mackeigan Jeff P
- Macleod Kay F
- Madeo Frank
- Maiuri Luigi
- Maiuri Maria Chiara
- Malagoli Davide
- Malicdan May Christine V
- Malorni Walter
- Man Na
- Mandelkow Eva-Maria
- Manon Stéphen
- Manov Irena
- Mao Kai
- Mao Xiang
- Mao Zixu
- Marambaud Philippe
- Marazziti Daniela
- Marcel Yves L
- Marchbank Katie
- Marchetti Piero
- Marciniak Stefan J
- Marcondes Mateus
- Mardi Mohsen
- Marfe Gabriella
- Mariño Guillermo
- Markaki Maria
- Marten Mark R
- Martin Seamus J
- Martinand-Mari Camille
- Martinet Wim
- Martinez-Vicente Marta
- Masini Matilde
- Matarrese Paola
- Matsuo Saburo
- Matteoni Raffaele
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- Mazure Nathalie M
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- Mcconnell Melanie J
- Mcdermott Catherine
- Mcdonald Christine
- Mcinerney Gerald M
- Mckenna Sharon L
- Mclaughlin Bethann
- Mclean Pamela J
- Mcmaster Christopher R
- Mcquibban G Angus
- Meijer Alfred J
- Meisler Miriam H
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- Meléndez Alicia
- Mena Maria A
- Menendez Javier A
- Menna-Barreto Rubem F S
- Menon Manoj B
- Menzies Fiona M
- Mercer Carol A
- Merighi Adalberto
- Merry Diane E
- Meschini Stefania
- Meyer Christian G
- Meyer Thomas F
- Miao Chao-Yu
- Miao Jun-Ying
- Michels Paul A M
- Michiels Carine
- Mijaljica Dalibor
- Milojkovic Ana
- Minucci Saverio
- Miracco Clelia
- Miranti Cindy K
- Mitroulis Ioannis
- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
- Mograbi Baharia
- Mohseni Simin
- Molero Xavier
- Mollereau Bertrand
- Mollinedo Faustino
- Momoi Takashi
- Monastyrska Iryna
- Monick Martha M
- Monteiro Mervyn J
- Moore Michael N
- Mora Rodrigo
- Moreau Kevin
- Moreira Paula I
- Moriyasu Yuji
- Moscat Jorge
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- Motyl Tomasz
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In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field