A city scale physically disaggregated bottom-up energy model: technical options for decarbonising Belgrade residential stock

The residential stock is one of the key consumers of energy and hence is important in the drive to reduce both national and global CO2 emissions. A comprehensive domestic stock energy and carbon model is seen as a useful tool to provide policymakers with estimates for the effectiveness of policies and can help to identify the most beneficial technological measures. This thesis describes the development of the first domestic energy and carbon model in Serbia which has been used to investigate the technological feasibility of achieving space heating energy consumption and associated CO2 emission reductions within Belgrade’s housing stock by 2030. BElgrade’s Domestic and Energy and carbon Model combines external and on-site generated data, the whole building dynamic energy simulation software ‘TRNSYS’, and a generic optimisation program called ‘GenOpt’. Whilst this model is primarily demand side orientated, it also considers changes in energy efficiency on the supply side. The BEDEM model has been used to develop five probabilistic explorative scenarios, namely: a ‘Base Model’, a ‘Demand 1’, a ‘Demand 2’, a ‘Supply’, and a ‘Demand 2 and Supply’ scenario. The overall results suggest that the largest domestic space heating energy reductions could be achieved by combining the energy-efficiency performance upgrade of dwelling fabrics and district heating system seasonal efficiency improvement. Yet, in the shorter-term, the improvement of the district heating system’s seasonal efficiency is the most beneficial measure. While the model is of considerable value as a policy tool, the results of uncertainty analyses revealed that a lack of knowledge of just a few key input parameters generate rather large uncertainty in the model predictions. Therefore, for any recommendations based on model predictions to be of use in policy formation, the models need to be validated against existing data and uncertainties within the model investigated thoroughly and, where possible, quantified

Verbally Expressed Politeness in Agreeing andTI Disagreeing with the Interlocutor:A Comparative Analysis of English, Serbian andTranslated Film Dialogues

Ova disertacija se bavi analizom jezički ispoljene učtivosti na primerima filmskih dijaloga kojima se ispoljava slaganje i neslaganje sa sagovornikom na engleskom i srpskom jeziku, kao i u titlovanim prevodima na srpskom. Osnovni ciljevi istraživanja jesu da se klasifikuju, opišu i primerima potkrepe strategije slaganja i neslaganja sa sagovornikom, da se sumiraju i uporede dobijeni rezultati u dva jezika, te da se utvrde promene prilikom titlovanog prevođenja odabranih dijalogâ sa engleskog jezika na srpski. Pretpostavke u vezi sa uklapanjem dobijenih rezultatâ u odgovarajuće kulturne matrice i osiromašenjem interakcijske komponente sadržaja titlovanog prevoda istražene su u svetlu relevantnih teorijskih razmatranja, putem kvalitativne analize odabranog jezičkog materijala.This thesis deals with verbally expressed politeness in film dialogues of agreement and disagreement with the interlocutor in English and Serbian, as well as in subtitled translations into Serbian. The most important goals of the research are to classify, describe and exemplify the strategies of agreement and disagreement in selected US and Serbian films, to summarize and compare the results of the analysis in the two languages and to determine the changes in the interactional component of meaning in the subtitling mode of translation from English into Serbian. The hypotheses concerning the analysed cases of agreeing and disagreeing in the light of prevalent politeness patterns in US and Serbian culture, as well as the presumed undertranslation of the interactional component of meaning in the Serbian subtitles are tested considering the relevant theoretical frameworks, by means of applying the method of qualitative analysi

Verbally Expressed Politeness in Agreeing andTI Disagreeing with the Interlocutor:A Comparative Analysis of English, Serbian andTranslated Film Dialogues

Ova disertacija se bavi analizom jezički ispoljene učtivosti na primerima filmskih dijaloga kojima se ispoljava slaganje i neslaganje sa sagovornikom na engleskom i srpskom jeziku, kao i u titlovanim prevodima na srpskom. Osnovni ciljevi istraživanja jesu da se klasifikuju, opišu i primerima potkrepe strategije slaganja i neslaganja sa sagovornikom, da se sumiraju i uporede dobijeni rezultati u dva jezika, te da se utvrde promene prilikom titlovanog prevođenja odabranih dijalogâ sa engleskog jezika na srpski. Pretpostavke u vezi sa uklapanjem dobijenih rezultatâ u odgovarajuće kulturne matrice i osiromašenjem interakcijske komponente sadržaja titlovanog prevoda istražene su u svetlu relevantnih teorijskih razmatranja, putem kvalitativne analize odabranog jezičkog materijala.This thesis deals with verbally expressed politeness in film dialogues of agreement and disagreement with the interlocutor in English and Serbian, as well as in subtitled translations into Serbian. The most important goals of the research are to classify, describe and exemplify the strategies of agreement and disagreement in selected US and Serbian films, to summarize and compare the results of the analysis in the two languages and to determine the changes in the interactional component of meaning in the subtitling mode of translation from English into Serbian. The hypotheses concerning the analysed cases of agreeing and disagreeing in the light of prevalent politeness patterns in US and Serbian culture, as well as the presumed undertranslation of the interactional component of meaning in the Serbian subtitles are tested considering the relevant theoretical frameworks, by means of applying the method of qualitative analysi

Developing archetypes for domestic dwellings : An Irish case study

Stock modelling, based on representative archetypes, is a promising tool for exploring areas for resource and emission reductions in the residential sector. The use of archetypes developed using detailed statistical analysis (multi-linear regression analysis, clustering and descriptive statistics) rather than traditional qualitative techniques allows a more accurate representation of the overall building stock variability in terms of geometric form, constructional materials and operation. This paper presents a methodology for the development of archetypes based on information from literature and a sample of detailed energy-related housing data. The methodology involves a literature review of studies to identify the most important variables which explain energy use and regression analysis of a housing database to identify the most relevant variables associated with energy consumption. A statistical analysis of the distributions for each key variable was used to identify representative parameters. Corresponding construction details were chosen based on knowledge of housing construction details. Clustering analysis was used to identify coincident groups of parameters and construction details; this led to the identification of 13 representative archetypes

Application-oriented modelling of domestic energy demand

Detailed residential energy consumption data can be used to offer advanced services and provide new business opportunities to all participants in the energy supply chain, including utilities, distributors and customers. The increasing interest in the residential consumption data is behind the roll-out of smart meters in large areas and led to intensified research efforts in new data acquisition technologies for the energy sector. This paper introduces a novel model for generation of residential energy consumption profiles based on the energy demand contribution of each household appliance and calculated by using a probabilistic approach. The model takes into consideration a wide range of household appliances and its modular structure provides a high degree of flexibility. Residential consumption data generated by the proposed model are suitable for development of new services and applications such as residential real-time pricing schemes or tools for energy demand prediction. To demonstrate the main features of the model, an individual household consumption was created and the effects of a possible change in the user behaviour and the appliance configuration presented. In order to show the flexibility offered in creation of the aggregated demand, the detailed simulation results of an energy demand management algorithm applied to an aggregated user group are used

Energy planning and forecasting approaches for supporting physical improvement strategies in the building sector: a review

The strict CO2 emission targets set to tackle the global climate change associated with greenhouse gas emission exerts so much pressure on our cities which contribute up to 75% of the global carbon dioxide emission level, with buildings being the largest contributor (UNEP, 2015). Premised on this fact, urban planners are required to implement proactive energy planning strategies not only to meet these targets but also ensure that future cities development is performed in a way that promotes energy-efficiency. This article gives an overview of the state-of-art of energy planning and forecasting approaches for aiding physical improvement strategies in the building sector. Unlike previous reviews, which have only addressed the strengths as well as weaknesses of some of the approaches while referring to some relevant examples from the literature, this article focuses on critically analysing more approaches namely; 2D GIS and 3DGIS (CityGML) based energy prediction approaches, based on their frequent intervention scale, applicability in the building life cycle, and conventional prediction process. This will be followed by unravelling the gaps and issues pertaining to the reviewed approaches. Finally, based on the identified problems, future research prospects are recommended

Assessing the viability of a grid-connected PV power plant in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

This paper is based on a techno-economic analysis and the environmental impact of a proposed 1 MW solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant at the main campus of the Federal Polytechnic Mubi (FPM) in north-eastern Nigeria. A photovoltaic power plant converts solar radiation into electricity that can be used as a source of electrical power to meet the daily energy requirements of homes, equipment, and all tertiary institutions. RETScreen Expert software was used to evaluate the techno-economic and environmental sustainability of installing a grid-connected PV power plant. The research results revealed that with an annual solar radiation of 5.74 kWh/m2/day, the maximum annual energy production was estimated to be 1,550.98 MWh. It was discovered that the maximum energy production in March was 146.89 MWh. The project’s profitability and economic sustainability were determined with a good internal rate of return (IRR) of 11.9% and a positive net present value (NPV) of $681,164. The proposed PV power plant has a simple payback period of 11.4 years. The maximum greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction is 670.9 tCO2, equivalent to 61.7 ha of forest-absorbing carbon emissions