Penglibatan lbu Bapa Di Pra Sekolah

TABIKA or Taman Bimbingan Kanak-kanak Is a pre-school educational programme organised by KEMAS or Community Development Section of the Ministry of National and Rural Development. The set up of the kindergarten encouraged participation from parents. Nonetheless, parental involvement in the activities of this pre-school programme has not been encouraging

Kajian hubungan kaum di kalangan pelajar Sekolah Pembangunan Sosial, Universiti Utara Malaysia

Perpaduan antara seluruh warga masyarakat menjadi tonggak kepada keberhasilan dan keharmonian sesuatu negara. Negara kita Malaysia terdiri daripada pelbagai etnik/kaum, oleh itu untuk memastikan negara sentiasa berada dalam keadaan yang aman damai, perpaduan antara warganya yang berbilang kaum tadi harus terus dipupuk dan dibajai agar ia tidak bergelora sehingga menyebabkan kepada kemusnahan negera bangsa. Untuk memupuk semangat perpaduan di kalangan rakyat Malaysia perlulah bermula dari akar umbinya termasuklah pelajar di universiti yang merupakan calon golongan elit yang bakal menjadi pewaris kepada peneraju negara pada masa akan datang kelas. Oleh itu satu tinjauan awal dilakukan agar gambaran sebenar dapat diperolehi melalui kajian ini yang mengemukakan persoalan kajian (1) bagaimanakah suasana/iklim interkasi antara kaum di kalangan pelajar Universiti (2) bagaimanakah tahap keselesaan dalam menjalin hubungan antara kaum di kalangan pelajar di dalam kampus (3) apakah kecenderungan persepsi pelajar terhadap hubungan antara kaum dalam persekitaran kampus tempat di mana mereka menuntut ilmu dan tinggal untuk suatu jangkamasa yang agak panjang iaitu sekurang-kurangnya selama tiga tahun dah; (4) adakah wujud hubungan antara suasana/iklim interaksi, tahap keselesaan dalam menjalin hubungan dan persepsi pelajar terhadap hubungan antara kaum. Satu kajian lapangan dilakukan dan pengumpulan data berdasarkan kaedah borang soal selidik digunakan. Sampel kajian adalah pelajar SPS tahun ke 3 yang telah menempuh kehidupan di kampus selama lebih 2 tahun. Sebanyak 836 borang soal selidik yang lengkap diisi dianalisis mengunakan program SPSS. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan kecenderungan suasana/iklim interaksi yang lebih positif menunjukkan peratusan yang lebih tinggi. Dari segi tahap keselesaan dalam menjalin hubungan antara kaum di kalangan pelajar di dalam kampus berada dalam keadaan yang sederhana. Pelajar menunjukkan kecenderungan untuk memberikan persepsi yang positif terhadap hubungan antara kaum dalam persekitaran kampus. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan suasana/interaksi antara kaum mempunyai hubungan yang positif dengan tahap keselesaan dalam menjalin hubungan antara kaum dan persepsi hubungan antara kaum. Dicadangkan supaya program-program yang boleh menghangatkan suasana/iklim interaksi antara kaum dapat diperbanyakkan agar dapat membentuk suatu kehidupan yang harmoni di dalam kampus dan seterusnya diamalkan dalam kehidupan di luar sana

Attitudes of police personnel towards their job

The objective of the study was to examine work attitudes among police personnel and its relationship with selected demographic variables, personal characteristics,and work-related factors. A sample consisting of 182 police personnel from 4 police headquarters in Wilayah Persekutuan responded to the questionnaire. Results revealed that, in general, police personnel in this study showed a fairly positive attitude towards their job, a positive perception of the support and concern from the police force, and were generally not under great mental strain. Significant positive correlations were obtained for age, personal well-being, length of service,and perception of support from the police force with work satisfaction. Significant differences were also observed for work satisfaction on the basis of their rank, and the police station as well as the division where they were attached at the time of the stud

Kelompok sokongan ibubapa bagi kanak-kanak istimewa

Kanak-kanak istimewa memerlukan jagaan yang khusus daripada ibu bapa mereka. Salah satu masalah yang kerap dialami oleh ibu bapa ini ialah kekurangan akses kepada maklumat dan tidak wujudnya sokongan yang boleh meringankan tanggungjawab mereka. Kelompok sokongan merupakan satu saluran bagaimana ibu bapa boleh menjalinkan hubungan dan berinteraksi serta menerima dan memberi sokongan di kalangan mereka yang mempunyai persamaan keperluan dan kepentingan yang khusus. Ibu bapa yang lebih yakin dengan peranan mereka dan menyedari bahawa adanya rakan-rakan yang sedia memberi sokongan, sama ada fizikal, sosial, mahupun emosi, lebih besar kemungkinan dapat memberi jagaan dan bimbingan yang positif kepada anak-anak istimewa mereka. Usaha menubuhkan dan menggerakkkan Kelompok Sokongan Ibu bapa (KSI) boleh timbul daripada pihak organisasi/pusat ataupun ibu bapa sendiri. Apa yang penting ialah kelompok ini mendatangkan faedah kepada organisasi/pusat dan juga ibu bapa. Walau apa pun, manfaatnya sudah pasti dirasai oleh kanak-kanak istimewa itu sendiri. Di antara aktiviti-aktiviti penting yang lazim dijalankan oleh kelompok sokongan termasuklah perkongsian pengalaman, penyebaran maklumat berkaitan jagaan, pendidikan, dan latihan, penubuhan pusat sumber keluarga,menganjurkan ceramah-ceramah mengenai topik-topik yang berkaitan perkembangan dan bimbingan/asuhan anak-anak istimewa, dan perkhidmatan nasihat berhubunga dengan kemudahan-kemudahan serta sumber-sumber yang terdapat di dalam komuniti. Kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan pengalaman daripada penubuhan perlaksanaan satu kelompok sokongan ibu bapa di sebuah pusat harapan bagi kanak-kanak istimewa. Tumpuan diberikan kepada isu-isu yang ditimbulkan oleh ibu bapa di dalam kelompok ini yang seterusnya menjadi landasan kepada penentuan topik-topik perbincangan kelompok

Students’ Inclination towards English Language as Medium of Instruction in the Teaching of Science and Mathematics

AbstractMalay language, the national language of Malaysia has been the medium of instruction for Science and Mathematics for the past four and a half decades in Malaysia. The government however changed the medium of instruction of these subjects to English in January 2003. The “Teaching and Learning of Science and Mathematics in English” (PPSMI) policy was implemented in all primary and secondary schools. It aims to improve the English language proficiency among students as well as the learning and achievement level in science and mathematics. This paper presents findings of the study on students’ inclination towards English language as medium of instruction in teaching and learning of Science and Mathematics in Higher Learning Institutions in Malaysia. The respondents were 291 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Science and Technology (FST) and Faculty of Education (FPEND) of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). A questionnaire pertaining to students’ inclination was used as research instrument. Using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and t-test, the study found that undergraduate students of FST and FPEND had an inclination towards English as medium of instruction in the teaching and learning of Science and Mathematics. Using the Post-Hoc test, it is found that Indian students and students from other races than Malay and Chinese have greater inclination towards English as medium of instruction in teaching and learning of Science and Mathematics in UKM for both faculties. However, FST students who studied in Mandarin and Tamil at pre-university level (STPM) had higher inclination compared to those who used Malay language or even English

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

Bermain dan hubungan rakan sebaya dalam perkembangan kanak-kanak

Bermain adalah satu sifat semulajadi kanak-kanak, khususnya kanak-kanak dalam lingkungan umur 4 dan 5 tahun. Pada peringkat ini, sebahagian besar daripada aktiviti bermain melibatkan rakan-rakan sebaya yang terdapat di kawasan tempat tinggal ataupun di pusat-pusat didikan/asuhan kanak-kanak. Kajian-kajian telah menunjukan bermain menyumbang kepada pelbagai aspek perkembangan kanak-kanak, sama ada dari aspek fizikal/motor,sosial,kognitif; dan juga emosi.Tujuan kertas kerja ini ialah untuk membincang tingkahlaku bermain dan hubungan rakan sebaya di kalangan kanak-kanak di sebuah prasekolah. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa kanak-kanak menunjukkan kecenderungan memilih rakan-rakan tertentu untuk bermain. Perkara yang hendak ditonjolkan di dalam kertas kerja ini ialah terdapat kanak-kanak yang menerima penilaian yang negatif oleh kanak-kanak lain, yang mana mereka ini tidak dipilih sebagai rakan untuk bermain. Keadaan seperti ini boleh menjejaskan perkembangan yang sihat dan boleh meninggalkan kesan negatif ke atas penyesuaian sosial dan emosi mereka selanjutnya. Ibubapa, guru-guru di prasekolah, ataupun orang dewasa lain yang berkenaan seharusnya memainkan peranan dengan mengambil langkah-langkah tertentu untuk mempastikan peluang-peluang disediakan bagi membantu kanak-kanak yang mengalami masalah bermain dan berinteraksi dengan rakan-rakan sebaya