DEFINIÇÃO DE UNIDADES GEOMORFOLÓGICAS A PARTIR DE NAVEGAÇÃO E VALIDAÇÃO DE CAMPO UTILIZANDO GPS E SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÕES GEOGRÁFICAS: O CASO DA SUB-BACIA DO RIO CASTELO-(ES)

O presente trabalho descreve o uso de sistemas de posicionamento global (GPS)aliado a sistemas de informações geográficas (SIG) como auxílio na definição deunidades geomorfológicas na Sub-bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Castelo (SBHRC). ASBHRC se localiza ao sul do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, possuindo uma áreaaproximada de 1500 km², abrangendo seis municípios. Dada a extensão da área e aescala de trabalho de 1:75.000, seu levantamento poderia tornar-se dispendioso eaté inviável se não houvesse uma perfeita sincronização entre o posicionamento emcampo e os dados cadastrados na base cartográfica. A definição primária deunidades geomorfológicas faz parte da etapa de caracterização fisiográfica dareferida área, objeto de estudos de zoneamento e diagnóstico geoambiental.Ferramentas de geoprocessamento e processamento de imagens LANDSAT TM5 ede Radar SRTM associadas a equipamentos GPS para validação de campo foramempregadas na compartimentação geomorfológica da SBHRC. A utilizaçãoconjunta de GPS, imagens orbitais e SIG permitiu elaborar um produto de análise ambiental pormenorizado, em escala apropriada, validado pelas avaliações in loco ecom grande potencial para a avaliação sistemática de recursos naturais.The present work describes the static and kinematic procedures for surveying,controlling and navigation of point features determined by Geodesic GPS in orderto aid the field work of defining the geomorphological units as input for thephysiographic characterization and geoenvironmental diagnosis of Rio CasteloWatershed (SBHRC), located on the south of Espírito Santo’s State, Brazil. TheSBHRC has an area about 1500 Km² covering 6 districts. Because of the extent ofthe study area and the work scale of 1:75,000, the survey would be too expensive oreven unfeasible if there weren’t a perfect synchronization and between the fieldpositioning and data stored in the cartographic base. The primary definition ofgeomorphologic units is part of the physiographic characterization of the study area,object of studies of geoenvironmental diagnosis and zoning. GIS and imageprocessing tools for LANDSAT TM5 and SRTM Radar images were used in theassociated with GPS equipments to field validation were used in thegeomorphologic compartmentation. The utilization of GPS, orbital imagery and GISaltogether allowed elaborating a product of detailed environmental analysis, in aproper scale, validated by the evaluations in loco and with great potential forsystematic evaluation of natural resources

Educação Popular na Agricultura Familiar: relato de experiência de ações de extensão universitária na formação médica

Introdução: O Programa de Extensão Educação Popular, gestão e sustentação das organizações da Agricultura familiar constitui-se como um espaço para a Promoção da Saúde e para a inclusão de novos cenários pedagógicos aos estudantes. Nesse cenário, destacam-se as ações de prevenção e de promoção de saúde como essenciais para impactar favoravelmente a qualidade de vida da população, além de realizar uma conexão entre educação popular, agricultura familiar e saúde no campo. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de desenvolvimento das rodas de conversas sobre temas diversos, com enfoque na alimentação saudável, realizadas com a população rural residente na área de abrangência de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, local de práticas de formação do curso de medicina. Metodologia: As atividades ocorreram por meio da realização de rodas de conversas com lideranças e multiplicadores relacionados à agricultura familiar, em que os acadêmicos do curso de medicina de uma universidade pública da região Oeste de Santa Catarina, com temas relacionados ao cuidado com a saúde e com a alimentação. Processos avaliativos: O processo avaliativo foi estabelecido na dialogia: base-formador/multiplicador-coordenação pedagógica e articuladores políticos. Com isso, foram exercitados os princípios de formação democrática, equidade construtiva e adequações sistemáticas, de modo a agilizar os ajustes necessários e minimizar possíveis falhas que poderiam ocorrer na execução da proposta. Conclusões: As ações realizadas foram importantes tanto para o desenvolvimento regional como para a construção e disseminação de conhecimentos sobre alimentação e saúde para a prevenção de doenças crônicas

Relationship of the Pelvic-Trochanteric Index with greater trochanteric pain syndrome

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to correlate a higher Pelvic-Trochanteric Index (PTI) with an increased varus of the femoral neck with greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS). The secondary objective was to check whether the pelvic width changes with age. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted to compare female patients diagnosed with GTPS (case group) with asymptomatic female participants (control group) from March 2011 to June 2017. On an anteroposterior pelvic radiograph, lines were drawn by two radiologists, and the PTI (ratio of the distance between the greater trochanters and distance between the iliac crests) was defined and the femoral neck-shaft angle was measured. RESULTS: Data collected based on radiographs of 182 female patients (cases) and 150 female participants (controls) showed that the mean PTI was 1.09 (SD=0.01) in the case group and 1.07 (SD=0.01) in the control group (p<0.05), regardless of age. The distance between iliac crests increased with age (p<0.05) in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. It was also found that the mean femoral neck-shaft angle was 130.6° (SD=0.59) and progression of the varus angulation occurred with age in both groups, with a significance level of 5%. CONCLUSIONS: The PTI was higher in patients with GTPS. The femoral neck-shaft angle does not differ between individuals with and without GTPS; however, it does decrease with age. The pelvic width tends to increase with aging in symptomatic or asymptomatic individuals; therefore, the increase in the pelvic width and decrease in the femoral neck-shaft angle can be interpreted as normal in aging women, which could alter the biomechanics of the hips and pelvis

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Defining geomorphological unities from navigation and validation of fields by using GPS and Geographic Informaton System : the case of Rio Castelo watershed.

O presente trabalho descreve o uso de sistemas de posicionamento global (GPS) aliado a sistemas de informações geográficas (SIG) como auxílio na definição de unidades geomorfológicas na Sub-bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Castelo (SBHRC). A SBHRC se localiza ao sul do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, possuindo uma área aproximada de 1500 km², abrangendo seis municípios. Dada a extensão da área e a escala de trabalho de 1:75.000, seu levantamento poderia tornar-se dispendioso e até inviável se não houvesse uma perfeita sincronização entre o posicionamento em campo e os dados cadastrados na base cartográfica. A definição primária de unidades geomorfológicas faz parte da etapa de caracterização fisiográfica da referida área, objeto de estudos de zoneamento e diagnóstico geoambiental. Ferramentas de geoprocessamento e processamento de imagens LANDSAT TM5 e de Radar SRTM associadas a equipamentos GPS para validação de campo foram empregadas na compartimentação geomorfológica da SBHRC. A utilização conjunta de GPS, imagens orbitais e SIG permitiu elaborar um produto de análise ambiental pormenorizado, em escala apropriada, validado pelas avaliações in loco e com grande potencial para a avaliação sistemática de recursos naturais.The present work describes the static and kinematic procedures for surveying, controlling and navigation of point features determined by Geodesic GPS in order to aid the field work of defining the geomorphological units as input for the physiographic characterization and geoenvironmental diagnosis of Rio Castelo Watershed (SBHRC), located on the south of Espírito Santo’s State, Brazil. The SBHRC has an area about 1500 Km² covering 6 districts. Because of the extent of the study area and the work scale of 1:75,000, the survey would be too expensive or even unfeasible if there weren’t a perfect synchronization and between the field positioning and data stored in the cartographic base. The primary definition of geomorphologic units is part of the physiographic characterization of the study area, object of studies of geoenvironmental diagnosis and zoning. GIS and image processing tools for LANDSAT TM5 and SRTM Radar images were used in the associated with GPS equipments to field validation were used in the geomorphologic compartmentation. The utilization of GPS, orbital imagery and GIS altogether allowed elaborating a product of detailed environmental analysis, in a proper scale, validated by the evaluations in loco and with great potential for systematic evaluation of natural resources

Principais métodos de ensaios não destrutivos utilizados para análise de pontes de concreto armado em ambientes marinhos / Main non-destructive testing methods used for the analysis of reinforced concrete bridges in marine environments

As estruturas de concreto armado, mais especificamente as pontes de concreto armado em ambientes marinhos, apresentam uma pré-disposição natural à deterioração principalmente por corrosão das armaduras devido ao elevado nível de concentração de sais na água do mar, que tornam o ambiente em que se encontra extremamente agressivo, e também por diversas outras ações, tais como: abrasão, erosão e cavitação no concreto.A avaliação técnica periódica destas estruturas é de extrema importância para a prevenção, identificação de patologias e prováveis manutenções necessárias nas estruturas em si. Os métodos de ensaios não destrutivos aparecem como grandes aliados nestas análises, já que os métodos tradicionais de inspeção quando aplicados de forma isolada mostram-se limitados. O principal objetivo deste artigo é apresentar de forma breve o que é e para que serve um ensaio não destrutivo, e com base em um estudo bibliográfico, apresentar mais detalhadamente dois dos principais ensaios não destrutivos utilizados para estruturas de concreto armado e a importância destes para uma análise mais eficaz dessas estruturas

Robust nanofabrication of monolayer MoS2 islands with strong photoluminescence enhancement via local anodic oxidation.

In this work, we demonstrate the nanofabrication of monolayer MoS2 islands using local anodic oxidation of few-layer and bulk MoS2 akes. The nanofabricated islands present true monolayer Raman signal and photoluminescence intensity up to two orders of magnitude larger than that of a pristine monolayer. This technique is robust enough to result in monolayer islands without the need of meticulously ne-tuning the oxidation process, thus providing a fast and reliable way of creating monolayer regions with enhanced optical properties and with controllable size, shape, and position