71 research outputs found
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How predation and landscape fragmentation affect vole population dynamics
Background: Microtine species in Fennoscandia display a distinct north-south gradient from regular cycles to stable
populations. The gradient has often been attributed to changes in the interactions between microtines and their predators.
Although the spatial structure of the environment is known to influence predator-prey dynamics of a wide range of species,
it has scarcely been considered in relation to the Fennoscandian gradient. Furthermore, the length of microtine breeding
season also displays a north-south gradient. However, little consideration has been given to its role in shaping or generating
population cycles. Because these factors covary along the gradient it is difficult to distinguish their effects experimentally in
the field. The distinction is here attempted using realistic agent-based modelling.
Methodology/Principal Findings: By using a spatially explicit computer simulation model based on behavioural and
ecological data from the field vole (Microtus agrestis), we generated a number of repeated time series of vole densities
whose mean population size and amplitude were measured. Subsequently, these time series were subjected to statistical
autoregressive modelling, to investigate the effects on vole population dynamics of making predators more specialised, of
altering the breeding season, and increasing the level of habitat fragmentation. We found that fragmentation as well as the
presence of specialist predators are necessary for the occurrence of population cycles. Habitat fragmentation and predator
assembly jointly determined cycle length and amplitude. Length of vole breeding season had little impact on the
oscillations.
Significance: There is good agreement between our results and the experimental work from Fennoscandia, but our results
allow distinction of causation that is hard to unravel in field experiments. We hope our results will help understand the
reasons for cycle gradients observed in other areas. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of landscape
fragmentation for population cycling and we recommend that the degree of fragmentation be more fully considered in
future analyses of vole dynamics
Stress and psychological factors before a migraine attack: A time-based analysis
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The objective of this study is to examine the stress and mood changes of Japanese subjects over the 1â3 days before a migraine headache.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study participants were 16 patients with migraines who consented to participate in this study. Each subject kept a headache diary four times a day for two weeks. They evaluated the number of stressful events, daily hassles, domestic and non-domestic stress, anxiety, depressive tendency and irritability by visual analog scales. The days were classified into migraine days, pre-migraine days, buffer days and control days based on the intensity of the headaches and accompanying symptoms, and a comparative study was conducted for each factor on the migraine days, pre-migraine days and control days.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The stressful event value of pre-migraine days showed no significant difference compared to other days. The daily hassle value of pre-migraine days was the highest and was significantly higher than that of buffer days. In non-domestic stress, values on migraine days were significantly higher than on other days, and there was no significant difference between pre-migraine days and buffer days or between pre-migraine days and control days. There was no significant difference in the values of domestic stress between the categories. In non-domestic stress, values on migraine days were significantly higher than other days, and there was no significant difference between pre-migraine days and buffer days or between pre-migraine days and control days.</p> <p>There was little difference in sleep quality on migraine and pre-migraine days, but other psychological factors were higher on migraine days than on pre-migraine days.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Psychosocial stress preceding the onset of migraines by several days was suggested to play an important role in the occurrence of migraines. However, stress 2â3 days before a migraine attack was not so high as it has been reported to be in the United States and Europe. There was no significant difference in the values of psychological factors between pre-migraine days and other days.</p
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Predicting how many animals will be where: how to build, calibrate and evaluate individual-based models
Individual-based models (IBMs) can simulate the actions of individual animals as they interact with one another and the landscape in which they live. When used in spatially-explicit landscapes IBMs can show how populations change over time in response to management actions. For instance, IBMs are being used to design strategies of conservation and of the exploitation of fisheries, and for assessing the effects on populations of major construction projects and of novel agricultural chemicals. In such real world contexts, it becomes especially important to build IBMs in a principled fashion, and to approach calibration and evaluation systematically. We argue that insights from physiological and behavioural ecology offer a recipe for building realistic models, and that Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) is a promising technique for the calibration and evaluation of IBMs.
IBMs are constructed primarily from knowledge about individuals. In ecological applications the relevant knowledge is found in physiological and behavioural ecology, and we approach these from an evolutionary perspective by taking into account how physiological and behavioural processes contribute to life histories, and how those life histories evolve. Evolutionary life history theory shows that, other things being equal, organisms should grow to sexual maturity as fast as possible, and then reproduce as fast as possible, while minimising per capita death rate. Physiological and behavioural ecology are largely built on these principles together with the laws of conservation of matter and energy. To complete construction of an IBM information is also needed on the effects of competitors, conspecifics and food scarcity; the maximum rates of ingestion, growth and reproduction, and life-history parameters.
Using this knowledge about physiological and behavioural processes provides a principled way to build IBMs, but model parameters vary between species and are often difficult to measure. A common solution is to manually compare model outputs with observations from real landscapes and so to obtain parameters which produce acceptable fits of model to data. However, this procedure can be convoluted and lead to over-calibrated and thus inflexible models. Many formal statistical techniques are unsuitable for use with IBMs, but we argue that ABC offers a potential way forward. It can be used to calibrate and compare complex stochastic models and to assess the uncertainty in their predictions. We describe methods used to implement ABC in an accessible way and illustrate them with examples and discussion of recent studies. Although much progress has been made, theoretical issues remain, and some of these are outlined and discussed
Scientific Opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of plant protection products for in-soil organisms
Following a request from EFSA, the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues developed an opinion on the science behind the risk assessment of plant protection products for in-soil organisms. The current risk assessment scheme is reviewed, taking into account new regulatory frameworks and scientific developments. Proposals are made for specific protection goals for in-soil organisms being key drivers for relevant ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes such as nutrient cycling, soil structure, pest control and biodiversity. Considering the time-scales and biological processes related to the dispersal of the majority of in-soil organisms compared to terrestrial non-target arthropods living above soil, the Panel proposes that in-soil environmental risk assessments are made at in- and off-field scale considering field boundary levels. A new testing strategy which takes into account the relevant exposure routes for in-soil organisms and the potential direct and indirect effects is proposed. In order to address species recovery and long-term impacts of PPPs, the use of population models is also proposed
PK-yritykset henkilöstöjohtamisen kontekstina
Pk-yritykset ovat viime aikoina olleet tiiviisti puheenaiheena suomalaisessa talousmediassa. TÀmÀ sen vuoksi, ettÀ niiden kasvu tai investoinnit eivÀt ole olleet odotusten mukaisia. Työttömyys kasvaa ja Suomeen tarvitaan kipeÀsti lisÀÀ työpaikkoja. Pk-yrityksiltÀ odotetaan paljon, sillÀ yli 60 % suomalaisista yksityissektorin työpaikoista on juuri pk-yrityksissÀ.
TÀrkeimmÀt henkilöstöjohtamiseen liittyvÀt HRM kÀytÀnnöt ovat: rekrytointi, koulutus- ja kehittÀminen, suorituksen mittaaminen sekÀ suorituksesta palkitseminen. HRM kÀytÀnnöillÀ ja niiden johtamisella on erittÀin suuri merkitys yrityksen tuottavuuteen ja menestykseen, ja sillÀ taas on suoranainen vaikutus yrityksen tuloskehitykseen ja kasvuun sekÀ työllistÀmiseen.
TÀmÀn tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittÀÀ: oliko haastattelemissani pk-yrityksissÀ kasvustrategia, miten HRM kÀytÀntöjÀ hoidettiin kyseisissÀ pk-yrityksissÀ, tukivatko nÀmÀ kÀytÀnnöt yrityksen kasvustrategiaa ja mitÀ he itse nÀkivÀt suurimpina haasteina kasvustrategian toteuttamiselle.
Haastattelut tehtiin viidelle erikokoiselle pk-yritykselle, jonka henkilöstömÀÀrÀ vaihteli 30 - 244 henkilön vÀlillÀ sekÀ yhdelle suuremmalle yritykselle, jonka henkilöstömÀÀrÀ oli noin 400. Haastateltavana olivat yrityksen henkilöstöasioista vastaavat henkilöt.
Tutkimustulosten mukaan kaikilla yrityksillĂ€, yhtĂ€ yritystĂ€ lukuun ottamatta, oli kasvustrategia. HRM kĂ€ytĂ€ntöjĂ€ toteutettiin vaihtelevasti. Yrityksen koolla ja yritysalalla oli vaikutusta kĂ€ytĂ€ntöihin. Rekrytoinnin onnistuminen nousi selkeĂ€sti tĂ€rkeimmĂ€ksi asiaksi, sillĂ€ virherekrytointi voi tulla kalliiksi yritykselle. Rekrytointiin vaikutti vahvasti yrityskulttuuri. KoulutuskysymyksissĂ€ yrityksen koolla sekĂ€ strategian jalkauttamisella yrityksen toimintaan tuntui olevan suuri vaikutus. PienemmĂ€t yritykset kouluttivat enemmĂ€n âad hocâ tyyppisesti, eli kun tilanne oli pÀÀllĂ€, ei etupainotteisesti. Suuremmissa pk-yrityksissĂ€, joissa muutoinkin strategia ja ydinosaaminen oli jalkautettu pĂ€ivittĂ€iseen johtamiseen, kouluttaminen oli mÀÀrĂ€tietoisempaa ja jatkuvaa. Suorituksen mittaamista oli kaikissa yrityksissĂ€ jollain tasolla ja palkitseminen ja palkitsemiskĂ€ytĂ€nnöt vaihtelivat eri yrityksissĂ€.
Tutkimuksen joukossa oli mukana yritys, joka kokonsa puolesta ei kuulunut pk-yrityksiin (tutkimuksen kohteena) mutta kÀyttÀessÀni tutkimusmetodina vertailevaa case -tutkimusmetodia, toimi se hyvÀnÀ vertailukohteena muille yrityksille.fi=OpinnÀytetyö kokotekstinÀ PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=LÀrdomsprov tillgÀngligt som fulltext i PDF-format
"Nej alltsÄ han förvandlades till en blomma" Eleverna tar ordet i klassrummet i utforskande samtal om varandras berÀttelser
Syftet med denna studie Àr att undersöka samtal som sker vid elevinitierade berÀttarstunder dÀr elever berÀttar historier för varandra och eleverna stÀller frÄgor till berÀttaren om innehÄllet i berÀttelsen. ForskningsfrÄgan Àr: Hur ser rollfördelningen ut i samtalen under berÀttarstunderna och vad har det för konsekvenser för elevernas kommunikation och interaktion?Studien skedde i en andraklass jag under perioder vistades i under vÄrterminen 2012. Insamlandet av materialet, i form av ljudinspelningar och observationsanteckningar, skedde under en sexveckorsperiod och bestÄr av 10 berÀttarstunder med sammanlagt 30 berÀttelser och efterföljande frÄgestunder. Eleverna berÀttade, oftast en och en, berÀttelser som de sjÀlva hade valt och förberett. NÀr de hade berÀttat klart uppmanade jag klassen att stÀlla frÄgor till berÀttaren om innehÄllet och det Àr dessa samtal som undersökts i studien. Resultatet visar att rollfördelningen Àr icke-hierarkisk, som i ett samtal mellan vÀnner, vilket leder till att kommunikationen och interaktionen Àr dynamisk och varierande. BerÀttelsen som material skapar förutsÀttningar för alla att bidra dÄ det inte finns nÄgot rÀtt och fel. Klasskamraterna, som vill förstÄ sin klasskamrats berÀttelse, stÀller frÄgor dÀr bÄde berÀttaren och klassen hittar svar och samtalen Àr dÀrför utforskande. BerÀttaren utmanas sprÄkligt utifrÄn sin nuvarande nivÄ genom klasskamraternas frÄgor vilka i sin tur fÄr stöd av lÀraren. Den dynamiska interaktionen och den sprÄkliga utmaningen utifrÄn elevens kunskapsnivÄ tyder pÄ att samtalen Àr sprÄkutvecklande
Drama för lÀsförstÄelse. LÀrande samspel och ursprunglig kommunikation
Syftet med denna studien Àr att undersöka vad dramapedagogiska övningar kan bidra med i ett projekt om lÀsförstÄelse med en andraklass samt att undersöka hur eleverna förhÄller sig till gestaltandet med kroppen i studien. Studien undersöker Àven hur eleverna skapar förstÄelse om bokens innehÄll tillsammans.
Undersökningen omfattade tolv lektioner i klassen med mig som lÀrare samt en intervju med klasslÀraren. Undervisningen i studien bestod av höglÀsning och dramatiskt berÀttande, textsamtal samt gestaltningsövningar. Dokumentationen bestod av observationsanteckningar frÄn lektionerna, ljudinspelningar frÄn intervjun och tvÄ lektioner samt videoinspelningar frÄn tio lektioner.
Resultatet visar att eleverna skapar förstÄelse om boken med hjÀlp av dramaövningar och samtal om texten. Eleverna lÀr sig att uttrycka sig symboliskt med kroppen med hjÀlp av drama. De mÄngtydiga gestaltningarna ger upphov till mÄnga olika tolkningar vilket skapar en bred kunskapsbas för att bygga förstÄelse av boken. Dramaövningarna i kombination med samtalen gynnar lÀrande i samspel med varandra och anvÀndande av multimodala uttrycks-former. Detta sÀtt att kommunicera och samspela framstÄr som ett ursprungligt och effektivt sÀtt att lÀra sig pÄ. LÀrarens roll som bÄde ledare och deltagare möjliggör ett ömsesidigt samspel dÀr elevernas gestaltade tankar fÄr stÄ i centrum för elevernas skapande av kunskap
Homo habilis: Var hinn handlagni maĂ°ur af ĂŠttkvĂslinni Homo?
Homo habilis er ein af elstu tegundunum sem hefur veriĂ° flokkuĂ° Ă ĂŠttkvĂslina Homo en taliĂ° er aĂ° hĂșn hafi veriĂ° uppi fyrir 1,6-2,3 milljĂłn ĂĄrum. SĂĂ°an tegundin var fyrst skilgreind ĂĄriĂ° 1964 hafa staĂ°iĂ° deilur um ĂŸaĂ° hvort telja skuli hana til ĂŠttkvĂslarinnar Homo eĂ°a ekki ĂŸar sem sumir telja hana tilheyra eldri hominina ĂŠttkvĂsl sem kölluĂ° er Australopithecus. Margar rannsĂłknir hafa veriĂ° gerĂ°ar og bein habilis veriĂ° borin saman viĂ° bein annarra hominina tegunda og margar ĂŸeirra sĂœna aĂ° habilis eigi meira sameiginlegt meĂ° Australopithecus tegundum en flestum öðrum Homo tegundum. ĂaĂ° eitt og sĂ©r er ekki endilega nĂŠgjanlegt til ĂŸess aĂ° skilgreina habilis sem Australopithecus ĂŸar sem eĂ°lilegt hlĂœtur aĂ° teljast, ef Australo-pithecus er forfaĂ°ir Homo, aĂ° elstu Homo tegundirnar lĂkist meira nĂĄnustu forfeĂ°rum sĂnum en Homo tegundum sem eru 1-2 milljĂłn ĂĄrum yngri. Til aĂ° ĂĄkvarĂ°a hvort Homo habilis geti talist til ĂŠttkvĂslarinnar Homo ĂŸarf aĂ° skilgreina hvaĂ° er Homo en mannfrĂŠĂ°ingar hafa ekki enn komiĂ° sĂ©r saman um ĂŸaĂ°
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