An invariant in shock clustering and Burgers turbulence

1-D scalar conservation laws with convex flux and Markov initial data are now known to yield a completely integrable Hamiltonian system. In this article, we rederive the analogue of Loitsiansky's invariant in hydrodynamic turbulence from the perspective of integrable systems. Other relevant physical notions such as energy dissipation and spectrum are also discussed.Comment: 11 pages, no figures; v2: corrections mad

Kolmogorov equations in infinite dimensions: Well-posedness and regularity of solutions, with applications to stochastic generalized Burgers equations

We develop a new method to uniquely solve a large class of heat equations, so-called Kolmogorov equations in infinitely many variables. The equations are analyzed in spaces of sequentially weakly continuous functions weighted by proper (Lyapunov type) functions. This way for the first time the solutions are constructed everywhere without exceptional sets for equations with possibly nonlocally Lipschitz drifts. Apart from general analytic interest, the main motivation is to apply this to uniquely solve martingale problems in the sense of Stroock--Varadhan given by stochastic partial differential equations from hydrodynamics, such as the stochastic Navier--Stokes equations. In this paper this is done in the case of the stochastic generalized Burgers equation. Uniqueness is shown in the sense of Markov flows.Comment: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/009117905000000666 in the Annals of Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aop/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Strengthening Primary Care: Recent Reforms and Achievements in Australia, England, and the Netherlands

Outlines efforts to enhance primary care quality and access, including postgraduate training for family physicians, general practitioner accreditation, greater use of nurse practitioners, and after-hours care; their outcomes; and insights for U.S. reform

Power analysis on smartcard algorithms using simulation

This paper presents the results from a power analysis of the AES and RSA algorithms by\ud simulation using the PINPAS tool. The PINPAS tool is capable of simulating the power\ud consumption of assembler programs implemented in, amongst others, Hitachi H8/300\ud assembler. The Hitachi H8/300 is a popular CPU for smartcards. Using the PINPAS tool, the\ud vulnerability for power analysis attacks of straightforward AES and RSA implementations is\ud examined. In case a vulnerability is found countermeasures are added to the implementation\ud that attempt to counter power analysis attacks. After these modifications the analysis is\ud performed again and the new results are compared to the original results

A boundary element regularised Stokeslet method applied to cilia and flagella-driven flow

A boundary element implementation of the regularised Stokeslet method of Cortez is applied to cilia and flagella-driven flows in biology. Previously-published approaches implicitly combine the force discretisation and the numerical quadrature used to evaluate boundary integrals. By contrast, a boundary element method can be implemented by discretising the force using basis functions, and calculating integrals using accurate numerical or analytic integration. This substantially weakens the coupling of the mesh size for the force and the regularisation parameter, and greatly reduces the number of degrees of freedom required. When modelling a cilium or flagellum as a one-dimensional filament, the regularisation parameter can be considered a proxy for the body radius, as opposed to being a parameter used to minimise numerical errors. Modelling a patch of cilia, it is found that: (1) For a fixed number of cilia, reducing cilia spacing reduces transport. (2) For fixed patch dimension, increasing cilia number increases the transport, up to a plateau at $9\times 9$ cilia. Modelling a choanoflagellate cell it is found that the presence of a lorica structure significantly affects transport and flow outside the lorica, but does not significantly alter the force experienced by the flagellum.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, postprin

Proficient replication of the yeast genome by a viral DNA polymerase

DNA replication in eukaryotic cells requires minimally three B-family DNA polymerases: Pol α, Pol δ, and Pol ϵ. Pol δ replicates and matures Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand of the replication fork. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pol δ is a three-subunit enzyme (Pol3-Pol31-Pol32). A small C-terminal domain of the catalytic subunit Pol3 carries both iron-sulfur cluster and zinc-binding motifs, which mediate interactions with Pol31, and processive replication with the replication clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), respectively. We show that the entire N-terminal domain of Pol3, containing polymerase and proofreading activities, could be effectively replaced by those from bacteriophage RB69, and could carry out chromosomal DNA replication in yeast with remarkable high fidelity, provided that adaptive mutations in the replication clamp PCNA were introduced. This result is consistent with the model that all essential interactions for DNA replication in yeast are mediated through the small C-terminal domain of Pol3. The chimeric polymerase carries out processive replication with PCNA in vitro; however, in yeast, it requires an increased involvement of the mutagenic translesion DNA polymerase ζ during DNA replication

Feed the crop or feed the soil? A case study in leek (Allium porrum L.)

The purpose of our study was to assess the role of soil quality parameters in leek production and to assess their importance relative to nitrogen (N) applied as fertilizer. We selected seven (2004) and seven (2005) fields on leek farms in the southern sand district of the Netherlands and measured physical and chemical soil properties. Three N rates (0, 90 and 360 kg N ha-1 as calcium ammonium nitrate; denoted as N0, N90, N360) were given at each site. Leek (Allium porrum L. ‘Kenton’) was planted in June-July and harvested next spring. Measured response variables were shoot biomass yield (gross and net, fresh and dry) and shoot N-yield (gross, net) at harvest. Pooled data from both years were analyzed by linear regression. N uptake from unfertilized soil (U0), and topsoil properties soluble organic N (Nso), soil organic matter content (SOM), total nitrogen (Ntot) and water content at field capacity (Wfc) all had large and significant impacts on biomass yield and N yield. These five properties (Xi) were correlated and were therefore used alternately in regression models. Effects of soil properties found by regression refer to a shift in the regressor from its 25% to its 75% percentile value, and are expressed here relative to mean yields (both years, all treatments). This normalization facilitates direct comparison with fertilizer effects. Normalized effects of Xi variables on biomass yield and N yield were between +0.10 and +0.20. Effects of fertilizer application at N90 were about +0.10 (biomass yield) and +0.20 (N yield). At N360 effects were +0.10 to +0.20 (biomass yield) and +0.30 to +0.40 (N-yield). So while N fertilizer strongly promoted N-uptake relative to growth, soil properties Xi affected growth and N yield more evenly. With shifts in Xi variables, dry matter produced per kg additional N uptake was 1.49 to 1.77 times larger than with extra N uptake resulting from fertilizer application at N90. This indicates that soil properties Xi promoted yield not only via enhanced N supply. Besides effects of Xi properties and N fertilizer, we found significant effects of year, soil texture, pH and inorganic soil N at planting, on biomass yield. Texture parameters Fsfine (50-210 µm) and M50 (median of particle size in 50-2000 µm fraction) had large and additive positive effects on net fresh yield. Apparent recovery of fertilizer N (ANR) averaged 0.35 at N90, and 0.17 at N360. ANR decreased with higher Nso and increased with higher Wfc